Summaries: home page for society, culture and arts

Summaries for society, culture and arts

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  • Contents: information and assortment pointers related to the use of summaries for society, culture and arts on WorldSupporter
  • Study areas: Art, Cultural anthropology, History, Human geography, Languages, Philosophy, Religion, Social studies, Sociology, amongst others
  • Language: English, Dutch
  • Access: Public, Exclusive

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Summaries: the best textbooks for society and culture summarized

Summaries: the best textbooks for society and culture summarized

Summaries: the best textbooks for society and culture summarized

What is this page about?

Where to go next?

  • Read on for highlighted summaries.
  • Click on the topic of your interest, then use the links to go to the summaries
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Summaries: legendary standard works, literature and manuals about society and culture

Summaries: legendary standard works, literature and manuals about society and culture

Summary of Society the basics by Macionis

Summary of Society the basics by Macionis

1: The Perspective, Theory, and Method of Sociology

This chapter gives an introduction to the discipline of sociology. The most important skill to gain is the ability to use the sociological perspective. This chapter will also introduce the sociological theory which will help you to build an understanding about what you see when using the sociological perspective. Furthermore this chapter will explain how sociologists ‘do’ sociology by describing three general approaches to conduct research and four specific methods of data collection.

 

1.1: The Sociological Perspective

Sociology is the systematic study of human society. At the heart of sociology is a distinctive point of view called the sociological perspective.

 

Seeing the General in the Particular

Sociological perspective is defined as: seeing the general in the particular (Berger, 1963). This tells us that sociologist look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people. It is true that every individual is unique but society shapes the lives of people in various categories very differently. You will begin to see the world sociologically when you start realizing how the general categories into which we fall shape our particular life experiences. A good example of this is the classic study by Lillian Rubin(1976) about women’s hopes for their marriages. Rubin found that higher-income women typically expected the men they married to be sensitive to others, to talk readily, and to share feelings and experiences. Lower-income women had very different expectations and were looking for men who did not drink too much, were not violent, and held steady jobs.

To sum it up: what women expect in a marriage partner has a lot to do with their social class position. The sociological perspective shows us that factors such as our sex, age, race, and social class guide our selection of a partner. It also tells us that it might me more accurate if we see ‘love’ as a feeling we have for others who match up with what society teaches us to want in a life partner.

 

Seeing the strange in the familiar

It seems at first

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Summary of The boy who was raised as a dog by Perry

Summary of The boy who was raised as a dog by Perry

1. Tina

Tina is a girl, and she is seven years old. She lives with her younger brother, sister, and her mother.  According to her teachers, Tina behaves 'aggressively, improperly, and exhibitionistically.' She is unable to keep her attention during class and refuses to follow instructions. She had been abused since she was four years old until the age of six by the son of her babysitter. This son tied up the children, raped them and penetrated them anally using objects. He threatened the children by saying that he would kill the children if they ever told someone about it. Eventually, the mother of the son (the babysitter) found out. This ended the abuse.  

The men Tina met later in life were never loving or caring. They only taught her that men wanted sex, from her or her mother. When she had her first meeting with the psychiatrist, she immediately acted sexually. For example, she sat down on the lap of the psychiatrist, moved her hands to his crotch, and tried to release his zipper. It is understandable that she exhibited this behavior, because she had learned that men only want sex. This is what exists in Tina's memory. So, Tina's behavior probably has to do with a disturbed functioning of her brain. The symptoms she exhibits suggest that there are abnormalities throughout her whole brain. She probably suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTS). She was probably also very sensitive to stress. Her stressful environment, therefore, was of higher impact. The early experiences one has as a child have a great influence on the brain later in life. This is explained by the fact that the brain sees the world through patterns. Therefore, due to traumatic experiences in Tina's early years of life, she has developed a negative view on life through the creation of associations (for example, men and sex). Therefore, later in life, she continues thinking this way about men.

2. Sandy

Sandy is a four-year-old girl who witnessed the murder of her mother. Sandy herself also got hurt: her throat was cut twice, and she was left for dead. She was alone with her mother's dead body for eleven hours. After Sandy was discharged from the hospital, she was jumping from one foster home to another for nine months. During these nine months, she did not receive any psychiatric help. Later, Sandy's case was brought to court. The prosecutor wanted Sandy to make a statement a year after the murder had happened. However, it was said that this would be “quite overwhelming” for her. That is

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Summary of cultural studies: theory and practice by Barker and Jane

Summary of cultural studies: theory and practice by Barker and Jane

Chapter 1 Introduction to cultural studies

In short, cultural studies is about language, power and the people. Cultural studies is a field involving multiple disciplines concerning diverse subjects. By examining social institutions, scholars of cultural studies are trying to capture the distinct movements, values and habits of people living together within a society.

Eight Key Concepts

Cultural studies is mainly concerned with eight key concepts namely: signifying practices, representation, materialism and non-reductionism, articulation, power, popular culture, texts and readers, subjectivity and identity. Writers are constantly in debate about how to deploy theses key concepts and which is the most significant one. The theories from which the concepts are drawn from will be discussed after briefly introducing each of the concepts.

  1. Culture and signifying practices are focusing on the production of meaning in order to make sense of the world. Here the importance of language becomes apparent as language is a way to produce signs and hence, meaning.

  2. Representation refers to the construction of meanings through several means such as images or sounds. However, meanings are connected to specific social contexts and are therefore understood differently according to distinct circumstances.

  3. Materialism and non-reductionism are two interrelated concepts in cultural studies. Materialism is tied to the production of cultural meanings. At this point several questions arise such as who controls the production, how is it distributed and how does that affect the cultural environment. Hence, as already mentioned before, cultural meanings are related to a specific context with its own particularities. Such meanings cannot be reduced what is described as non-reductionism.

  4. Articulation describes the relation of several elements in cultural studies. Hence, certain subjects are constructed through other subjects which are context dependent.

  5. Power stands central in cultural studies as it highly influences, generates and determines social relationships.

  6. Popular culture includes the concept of power generated through ideology and consent which results in hegemony. Ideology invisibly maintains power by presenting certain norms and values as universal truths. If a large group of people consents to a certain structure in society, hegemony is created which reproduces certain meanings and practices as forms of power over the subordinated group.

  7. Texts and readers are culturally constructed such as sounds, images or

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Summary of The Human Web, a Bird's-eye view of world history by McNeill

Summary of The Human Web, a Bird's-eye view of world history by McNeill

Chapter 1: The human apprenticeship

Introduction

Communication has always been a key element in the creation of human history. Communications and connections between people often results in relationships, which usually influence people’s future behavior. Such relationships could be considered the source of trade, the invention of certain technologies, the evolution of ideas and much more. However, such communication between people is not always positive and also has negative connotations such as the exchange of deadly diseases.

The Source of Change

It is important to note that this process of exchange could be seen as one of the reasons for the historical creation of small communities, which later on discovered similar communities and started interacting with them. The interaction between such groups was mostly sporadic and limited to the exchange of goods and tools used to aid the members of both communities with their daily lives. On the other hand, the discovery of agriculture and the gradual change in the density of the existing communities, created the basis for the creation of even bigger groups of people. These groups of people could now gather food from the land they were living on and with that the need to resort to hunting-gathering techniques was reduced significantly. Later on, communities became even tighter and denser with the improvement of the means for exchange of goods and information. Such denser collections of people first emerged in the territory of modern day Iraq with the creation of the first urban metropolitan communities. With their creation, these communities started spreading, the process of which resulted in these communities reaching their boundaries and creating a global community, in which the circulation of ideas on an international level was now possible.

Looking at history from “The Web” perspective

Before discussing history based on web perspective, it is important to point out several significant features of this net-based representation of history. Networks of societies are mostly based on collaboration and rivalry. Collaboration is expressed in the fact that people who have specialized in a certain area can gather with others with the same set of skills for the sake of maximal production. Such a way of operation, however, tends to be the root of inequality in society Cooperation between the members of one social group often results in competitiveness with the members of others. Rivalry is one of

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Summary with Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives by Hatch and Cunliffe

Summary with Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives by Hatch and Cunliffe

PART A BASICS OF ORGANIZATION THEORY

Where can the organization theory be found?

  • Human Resource Area: Organization theory is evident in the recruitment, selection and training procedures of the organization.
  • Strategy Area: Organization theory is used to direct the accomplishment of the organizations goals.
  • Marketing Area: Organization theory helps everyone understand the organization itself, its strategy and its brand.
  • Operations Area: Organization theory influences areas such as production, logistics and sales.

What is a theory?

Theory: “The phenomenon of interest” + concepts

  • Phenomenon of Interest: This is the main part of the theory which is explained by the concepts. Even though this can be expressed as a formula, this is not always the case. For instance, some phenomenon of interest can be explained in terms of statistics, or sayings. This is extremely common when it comes to explaining human behaviour, as it is very difficult to describe.

  • Concept: These are like folders, which we create to store similar experiences and ideas, only highlighting a few similar features. A concept is formed after abstraction has taken place.

By matching more personal experiences to a concept, the more elaborate the concept will become and the more likely you are to remember and understand it.

Chunking: Abstraction also allows the “chunking” of information. This is the process that enables us to think of many different things at the same time. This is evident in concepts as they are made up of large or big “chunks” of information.

Analysing Organizations - How?

There are three perspectives, collectively known as multiple perspectives which help to analyse and understand organizations. These include the modern, symbolic interpretive and post modern perspectives.

In order to understand these perspectives, one must know about ontology and epistemology.

Ontology: Area of study that focuses on what we think is real. It also asks questions such as whether or not we believe if our lives are already planned out for us, or if we control it ourselves.

  • Subjectivists: believe that reality varies from person to person due to differing viewpoints and experiences.

  • Objectivists: believe that our behaviour is predictable and can be controlled.

Epistemology: Area of study that focuses on “knowing how you can know.”

  • Positivist Epistemology: This area says that an organization can be understood through the means of measurement, such as statistics, or scientific experimentation.

  • Interpretive

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Summary of Introducing Sociolinguistics - The relationship between language and society by Mesthrie a.o.

Summary of Introducing Sociolinguistics - The relationship between language and society by Mesthrie a.o.

Chapter 1: Clearing the Ground: Basic Issues, Concepts and Approaches

  • Sociolinguistics is the subfield of linguistics that examines the relationship between language and society.
  • Sapir describes language as a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.
  • Modern Linguistics see language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols (sound and meaning vary in language) used for human communication.

Sign and Object in words

  • Onomatopoeic/sign: Sign/word replicates some characteristic of the object (for example Buzzz)
  • Symbol: Arbitrary relationship between the sign and object, but which is understood as a convention. (green light in traffic = go)
  • Index: logical relation between sign and object (weathercock)
  • Icon: involves a relationship whereby the sign replicates some characteristic of the object, such as a drawing of a cat replicates the shape of a cat.
  • Linguists see language as an instinct, as a manifestation of an ability that is specific to humans.

History of Sociolinguistics

In 500BC the first linguistic study was done by Pánini and his followers in India. They did oral treaties on phonetics and language structure. In 1786 Modern Linguistics was founded by Sir William Jones. In the early 20th century structuralism predominated linguistics (internal systems of language, instead of historical comparisons), but in 1957 the Generative Linguistics is founded by Chomsky (shift to a more psycho-biological stage, how do children acquire language).

Chomsky: Linguistic theory is primarily concerned with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts in attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance.

→ Chomsky's emphasis in the 1960s on abstracting language from the context in which it was spoken.

Break between the linguistics

  • Psycholinguistics with an interest in language use within human societies

  • Sociolinguistics with the ideas of Chomsky (focuses on what can be said, to whom, in whose presence, when and where, in what manner etc.). → acquiring language not just a cognitive process, but it's a social process as well.

Language is not just denotational (refers to the process of conveying meaning),

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Summaries: the best definitions, descriptions and lists of terms for society and culture

Summaries: the best definitions, descriptions and lists of terms for society and culture

Key terms, definitions and concepts summarized in the field of society and culture

What is this page about?

  • Contents: a selection of terms, definitions and concepts for society and culture
  • Study areas: Art, Culture and Media, Cultural anthropology and ethnology, History and Archaeology, Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Languages and cultures and many more
  • Language: English
  • Access: Public

Where to go next?

What to find below?

  • Read on for the key terms and definitions summarized in the field of society and culture
  • Click on the term of your interest
What is culture, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is culture, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is culture?

  • Culture is an interdisciplinary field examining the ideas, customs, symbols, values, and social practices through which groups organize and interpret life.
  • The discipline draws on anthropology, sociology, media studies, history, and related fields to understand how cultural patterns develop, circulate, and change.
  • Culture provides a way of understanding social landscapes by connecting everyday behavior, identity, communication, creative expression, and relations of power.

What are the main reasons for being active in the field of culture?

  • The field encourages close examination of how people create meaning, establish shared values, and interpret their surroundings through customs, stories, symbols, and institutions.
  • Cultural analysis reveals how historical events, social movements, technologies, and contact between communities influence practices and collective identities.
  • The discipline offers practical insight into communication, education, public policy, development work, media, and other settings involving culturally diverse groups.
  • Studying culture contributes to understanding social inequality by examining how traditions, representations, and institutions can reinforce or challenge relations of power.
  • An international perspective makes it possible to compare cultural settings without ranking them and to understand how local practices interact with global developments.

What skills do you need to participate in culture?

  • To analyse: cultural inquiry involves interpreting practices, representations, institutions, and social relationships while considering their historical and local contexts.
  • To be aware of your surroundings: careful observation makes it possible to recognize how meanings are expressed through behavior, language, spaces, objects, and everyday routines.
  • To communicate: the field requires cultural interpretations to be expressed clearly while remaining attentive to different perspectives, assumptions, and forms of expression.
  • To be empathic: cultural study benefits from efforts to understand practices and experiences from the viewpoints of the people involved.
  • To form an opinion: participants must evaluate cultural arguments, representations, and social debates while supporting interpretations with appropriate evidence.
  • To collaborate: cultural projects often bring together communities, researchers, educators,
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What is society, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is society, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is society?

  • Society refers to people living within organized relationships, institutions, cultures, and systems of cooperation, authority, and exchange.
  • As a field of study, society is examined through sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, and related social sciences.
  • Studying society provides a way to understand how social order, inequality, culture, power, and change shape communities and everyday life.

What are the main reasons for being active in the field of society?

  • The field provides an intellectual framework for examining how institutions, relationships, cultural practices, and economic systems influence human behavior.
  • Social research contributes to understanding how communities respond to environmental pressures, urban development, resource distribution, and changing living conditions.
  • Knowledge of society supports practical work involving public policy, education, social services, community development, communication, and organizational decision-making.
  • The field examines social inequalities, class structures, power relations, deviance, and mobility, providing context for complex social problems and possible responses.
  • Comparing societies across countries encourages international understanding by showing how cultures, political systems, economies, and institutions differ and interact.

What skills do you need to participate in society?

  • To analyse: studying society involves interpreting social structures, behavior, institutions, inequalities, and patterns of change.
  • To communicate: social research and community work require findings, experiences, and differing perspectives to be expressed clearly and responsibly.
  • To form an opinion: the field encourages evidence-based reflection on public policy, social problems, cultural practices, and competing interests.
  • To be aware of your surroundings: social conditions are understood by observing local relationships, institutions, norms, opportunities, and inequalities.
  • To be empathic: examining different social positions requires sensitivity to how people experience culture, class, power, exclusion, and change.
  • To collaborate: social projects commonly involve cooperation with researchers, communities, public institutions, educators, and service organizations.

What motivates

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What is religion, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is religion, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is religion?

  • Religion is studied as a historical, social, cultural, and philosophical dimension of human life.
  • The discipline examines religious beliefs, practices, institutions, texts, experiences, and communities without promoting or rejecting a particular faith.
  • Religious studies provides ways to understand how religions shape identities, societies, cultural landscapes, and relationships between communities.

What are the main reasons for being active in the field of religion?

  • The field examines fundamental questions about belief, meaning, existence, morality, and the ways religious traditions interpret human experience.
  • Religious studies provides insight into the historical influence of religions on cultures, institutions, political developments, and social relationships.
  • The discipline supports informed analysis of religious diversity, interfaith relations, social cohesion, conflict, and peacebuilding.
  • Studying religion develops an understanding of how doctrines, rituals, communities, and lived experiences interact in everyday life.
  • Its global and comparative perspective makes the field relevant to international education, diplomacy, journalism, social work, and community development.

What skills do you need to participate in religion?

  • To analyse: religious studies involves examining texts, practices, historical developments, institutions, and social patterns from several disciplinary perspectives.
  • To be aware of your surroundings: religious beliefs and practices need to be understood within their particular cultural, political, historical, and social contexts.
  • To communicate: clear and respectful communication is needed when discussing beliefs, experiences, identities, and disagreements across religious and non-religious perspectives.
  • To form an opinion: the discipline requires careful evaluation of interpretations and evidence without reducing complex traditions to personal approval or criticism.
  • To be empathic: understanding lived religion involves considering how individuals and communities experience faith, ritual, belonging, uncertainty, and social change.
  • To collaborate: research and applied work often bring together historians, sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers, educators, community workers, and religious representatives.

What motivates people

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What is spirituality, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is spirituality, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is spirituality?

  • Spirituality is a field that examines how people search for meaning, connection, purpose, and experiences beyond ordinary material life.
  • The discipline explores individual spiritual journeys through psychological, philosophical, cultural, and neurological perspectives.
  • Spirituality offers a way of understanding how practices, beliefs, communities, and personal experiences shape people's inner lives and relationships with the world.

What are the main reasons for being active in the field of spirituality?

  • Spirituality examines fundamental questions about meaning, consciousness, personal identity, and the human search for purpose.
  • The field explores how meditation, prayer, mindfulness, and other practices relate to mental and emotional well-being.
  • Spirituality provides perspectives for understanding personal growth, transformation, and responses to illness, loss, and other major life experiences.
  • The discipline contributes to respectful dialogue between people with different spiritual, religious, philosophical, and cultural outlooks.
  • Comparative study reveals how communities around the world express transcendence, connection, and meaning through diverse traditions and practices.

What skills do you need to participate in spirituality?

  • To analyse: spirituality involves examining experiences, practices, beliefs, and interpretations from psychological, philosophical, cultural, and scientific perspectives.
  • To be authentic: engagement with spirituality often requires honest reflection on personal meaning, values, identity, and experience.
  • To be empathic: the field benefits from sensitivity toward experiences and worldviews that may differ greatly between individuals and communities.
  • To form an opinion: studying spirituality involves evaluating different explanations of consciousness, transcendence, well-being, and ultimate reality.
  • To communicate: clear and respectful communication supports dialogue about deeply personal beliefs, practices, doubts, and experiences.
  • To be aware of your surroundings: spiritual practices and experiences are often shaped by cultural settings, communities, relationships, and social circumstances.

What motivates people to study or work in spirituality?

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What is art, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is art, why would you study it, and where is the best place to study, intern or work abroad?

What is art?

  • Art is a discipline that examines human creativity, visual expression, and the production of meaning through different materials, techniques, and media.
  • The field studies how artworks reflect cultural values, historical developments, personal experiences, and changing ideas about society and identity.
  • Art also provides a way of understanding visual environments by interpreting images, objects, spaces, styles, and creative practices within their contexts.

What are the main reasons for being active in the field of art?

  • Art encourages close observation of images, objects, materials, and environments, supporting thoughtful interpretation of how visual meaning is created.
  • The field provides insight into how societies represent beliefs, identities, conflicts, technological developments, and changing cultural values.
  • Art combines conceptual thinking with practical experimentation, allowing ideas to be explored through materials, techniques, composition, and visual communication.
  • Studying and creating art contributes to public discussion by presenting experiences and perspectives that may be difficult to communicate through words alone.
  • Art has an international character because artistic traditions, movements, technologies, and institutions continually develop through cultural exchange.

What skills do you need to participate in art?

  • To analyse: art involves examining composition, materials, symbolism, historical references, and the relationship between an artwork and its cultural context.
  • To be creative: artistic practice is closely connected to developing original ideas, experimenting with forms, and finding expressive approaches to subjects and materials.
  • To communicate: artists, educators, critics, and curators translate ideas and experiences into visual forms, written interpretations, presentations, and public conversations.
  • To form an opinion: engagement with art requires considered judgments about meaning, quality, context, interpretation, and the social significance of creative work.
  • To collaborate: exhibitions, installations, publications, educational projects, and digital productions often bring together artists, designers, technicians, researchers, and cultural organizations.
  • To be flexible: artistic work frequently involves adapting ideas to new materials, spaces, audiences, technologies, practical restrictions, and constructive feedback.
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Society, Culture and Arts

Society, Culture and Arts

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Table of contents:

Society, Culture and Arts: study and knowledge
  • What are society, culture, and art?
  • Why study society, and where is the best place to study, intern, or work abroad?
  • Why study culture, and where is the best place to study, intern, or work abroad?
  • Why study art, and where is the best place to study, intern, or work abroad?
Society, Culture and Arts: summaries and study assistance
  • What is the homepage for summaries for society, culture, and arts?
  • What are the best textbooks for society, culture, and arts summarized?
  • What are the best scientific articles for society, culture, and arts summarized?
  • What are the practice exams and study tips for society, culture, and arts summarized?
Society, Culture and Arts: summaries per related study field
Society, Culture and Arts: study and work skills
  • How to improve your study skills in the field of society, culture, and arts?
  • Which skills are related to the fields of society, culture, and arts?
Society, Culture and Arts: study abroad, intern abroad, and work abroad
  • Which activities, internships, and vacancies abroad are related to the fields of society, culture, and arts?
  • Which organizations offer internships and activities in the field of society, culture, and arts?
Society, Culture and Arts: shared experiences
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Society, Culture and Arts: shared content
  • All shared content related to society, culture, and arts: jobs, tips, summaries, organizations, and blogs
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Samenvattingen: startpagina voor maatschappij, cultuur en sociale studies

Samenvattingen: startpagina voor maatschappij, cultuur en sociale studies

Samenvattingen voor het bestuderen van maatschappij, cultuur en sociale studies

Waar gaat de pagina over

  • Inhoud: informatie en assortimentwijzers bij samenvattingen voor maatschappij, cultuur en sociale studies
  • Studiegebieden: o.a. Culturele antropologie, Etnografie, Geschiedenis, Filosofie, Sociologie, Taal
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