Why do we study the development of children? - ExamTest 1

Questions with chapter 1

Question 1

Which statement is true?

1. It is not possible to suppose that children tell the truth in court.

2. Specifically, young children are susceptible for suggestive questioning, when questions are repeated again and again.

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 2

Which statement is true? Children can experience negative effects when they...

1. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 1 month after birth.
2. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 3 months after birth.
3. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 6 months after birth.
4. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 1 year after birth.

Question 3

Which general conclusion can be drawn about continuous/discontinuous development, despite some disagreement over the topic?

1. Development is mainly a continuous process.
2. Development is mainly a discontinuous process, as proved in the stage theories.
3. It depends on how you look at it and how often you look.
4. Development is sometimes a continuous and sometimes a discontinuous process.

Question 4

Which research design has the advantage of being able to observe the change of individuals over time and the disadvantage that repeated testing reduces external validity?

1. Longitudinal research
2. Observational research
3. Cross-sectional research
4. Correlational Research

Question 5

The "turtle shell" technique is an example of a successful intervention that helps preschoolers cope with ...

1. The sense of isolation.
2. Feelings of embarrassment.
3. Bullying from peers.
4. Their own anger.

Question 6

What is meta-analysis?

1. The reproduction of a past study in order to confrim or debunk the results.
2. A philosophical exploration of an experiment or case study.
3. A method for combining and analyzing the results from several independent studies.
4. A list of all published articles related to a specific area of research.

Question 7

Studies have shown that children's testimony is usually accurate when which of the following conditions are met?

1. The interviewer does not ask leading questions.
2. One of the child's parents is present.
3. The child and the interviewer are alone when the testimony is given.
4. The child is

ExamTickets with How Children Develop by Siegler a.o.

• Three reasons why the development of children is studied:

  • 1) to help parents learn how to deal with negative emotions of their children

  • 2) to develop a responsible policy

  • 3) to better understand the nature of people

• A tip to distinguish and visualize reliability and validity. Imagine a dartboard for yourself, you want your arrows to shine. Suppose you have ten arrows ('measurements') and you throw them all in the spotlight: in statistics your research would now be both valid (because you have thrown them all in the rose) and reliable (all measurements are at the same point). However, suppose the measurements are all in the upper left corner of the dartboard, your measurement is reliable (repetition ensures the same result), but not valid (not in the bull's eye).

• The development process of the fertilized egg consists of four processes, remembered with the letters M-Cm-Cd-A: Mitosis: cell division, this takes place from 12 hours after conception; Cell migration: the displacement of newly formed cells away from their original location; Cell differentiation: all embryo stem cells can develop into any type of cell, these cells will now specialize in structure and function; Apoptosis: cell killing, for example, the membranes between fingers and toes are removed.

• REM and non-REM sleep can be separated by remembering that the letters REM stand for Rapid Eye Movement, REM sleep is characterized by, among other things, rapid eye movements and is therefore an active sleep phase; non-REM sleep is therefore non-active sleep.

• Genotype and phenotype can be separated because genotype contains the word 'gene'. Phenotype starts with the 'P', physical: external characteristics.

• Piaget's theory consists of the following stages, which can be remembered with S-PO-CO-FO: the sensorimotor phase, preoperational phase, the concrete operational phase, and the formal operational phase.

• How the different theories see the way of learning of the child:

  • Pitchet's theory sees a child as a researcher. Knowledge theories see children as active students, an adapted product of evolution.

  • Vygotsky’s theory (socio-cultural theories) sees a child as a social learner.

  • Klahr (information processing theories) sees the child as a problem solver. Dynamic system theories state that children are internally motivated to learn about the world around them.

• The eight forms of learning can be remembered with the initial letters that you can make a 'word': HAPRIOSC / SHACIROP / CAPRIOSH: Habituation, Active Learning, Perception Learning, Rational Learning, Instrumental Conditioning or Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning / Imitation, Statistical learning and classical conditioning.

• The steps in the process of how children learn a language:

  • 1) The first step in language learning is the perception of speech.

  • 2) As a second step, a child begins to prepare for language production (babbling).

  • 3) The first words are the

What does abnormality mean? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions with chapter 1

MC question 1

As what kind of theory of abnormality could the old Chinese theory of the breath of life be labeled?

1. A biological theory

2. A supernatural theory

3. A psycho-social theory

MC question 2

Which term is described here? Behavior that is followed by positive consequences will be repeated more often than behavior that is followed by negative consequences.

1. Classical conditioning

2. Operant conditioning

3. Learning through observation

4. Learning through punishment and rewarding

MC question 3

What does 'cultural relativism' mean?

1. That there are no universal standards or rules to classify behavior as abnormal, behavior can only be abnormal according to prevailing standards.

2. That in different cultures very different disorders can occur, which you have to take into account in the assessment.

Open questions with chapter 1

Open question 1

Name the four D's of abnormality and explain what they mean.

Answers MC-questions with chapter 1

MC question 1

A. A biological theory. This theory assumes that human emotions were controlled by internal organs. When the life air flowed through one of these organs, a certain emotion belonging to that organ was experienced.

MC question 2

B. Operant conditioning

MC question 3

A. That there are no universal standards or rules to classify behavior as abnormal, behavior can only be abnormal according to prevailing standards.

Example answers Open questions with chapter 1

Open question 1

Dysfunction, Distress, Deviance and Dangerousness.

• Behavior and feelings are dysfunctional when they interfere with someone's functioning in daily life. The more dysfunctional the behavior, the greater the chance that this is labeled as abnormal.
• Behavior and feelings that cause distress to the individual and the persons around him are also often regarded as abnormal.
• Strongly deviant behaviors, such as chronic lying and stealing, lead to assessments of abnormality.
• Behaviors that are dangerous to the individual, such as self-harm, or to others, such as serious aggression, are also seen as abnormal.

Which theories and treatments of abnormality exist? - ExamTests 2

MC-questions with chapter 2

MC question 1

Which approach to explaining psychological complaints is based