Examtests with Clinical Neuropsychology by Kessels e.a. - 1st edition

How has clinical neuropsychology evolved? - ExamTests 1

Questions with chapter 1

Question 1

What does cell theory mean?

1. Humans have a higher-order soul that is located in three cells (ventricles) of the brain.
2. Areas in the brain communicate through cells with long spurs, also called neurons.
3. The brain consists of different cells (areas) that all have their own function, such as the subcortical cell for vigilance and attention.

Question 2

In what way did Franz Joseph Gall test his views?

1. He conducted clinical interviews with patients to assess both their behaviour and potential head injuries.
2. He believed that people learn everything (associationism) and looked at brain damage per individual, without drawing general conclusions about brain functions.
3. He investigated patients post-mortem, and related brain damage to the behaviour they exhibited.
4. By feeling on the head where the lump is located, one should be able to determine the regions on the cortex at which different functions are located.

Question 3

Why did Luria offer a solution to the holistic problem, that balanced between holistic and localisationist views?

1. He thought that a behavioural disorder can never be directly related to the intactness of specific areas, but at the same time he found that an accurate analysis can show a disturbed factor.
2. The idea that the brain consists of different zones put the localisationists out of play.
3. He saw the brain as a system in which each sub-area makes its own contribution to a general function, whereby the theory was holistic, but also connected to the localisationists.
4. The secondary zones, for multimodal integration, were the alternative to localisation that the holists had not yet found.

Question 4

Which of the following functions are present in computer models that simulate cognitive functions, but that are not common with cognitive functions in the brain?

1. If buttons are damaged, the entire function will not be lost, but part of the information will be lost.
2. A small part of the information can activate an entire memory track.
3. Learning by trial and error.
4. The nodes communicate with each other through specific electrical reactions that occur after a certain value is exceeded.

Answers with chapter 1

Question 1

A. Humans have a higher-order soul that is located in three cells (ventricles) of the brain.

Question 2

C. He investigated patients post-mortem, and related brain damage to the behaviour they exhibited.

Question 3

A. He thought that a behavioural disorder can never be directly related to the intactness of specific areas, but at the same time he found that an accurate analysis can show a disturbed factor.

Question 4

D. The nodes communicate with each other through specific electrical reactions that occur after a certain value is exceeded.

How does neuropsychology work in practice? - ExamTests 2

Questions with chapter 2

Question 1

What does the diagnostic cycle consist of?

1. Complaints analysis, problem analysis, diagnosis, treatment.
2. Complaints analysis, problem analysis, diagnosis, indication for treatment.
3. Observation, interpretation, treatment.
4. Case history, test taking, test interpretation, assessment.

Question 2

In which of the following situations does an interview with the informant provide the most information?

1. Els (27) moved last year, she has got a new job and her mother is seriously ill. Since a few weeks she is not able to pay attention to her work and she has fatigue problems.
2. Henk (54) goes to a psychologist because of problems with his wife. According to her, he has changed a lot lately: he doesn't listen to her problems, eats a lot of unhealthy food and seems irritated quickly. Henk himself does not agree with his wife and thinks nothing is wrong.
3. A few months ago, Peter (21) was involved in a car accident. Since then he doesn't like to get in the car anymore. Sometimes he has panic attacks.
4. Vivian (37) and her husband have filed for divorce. She notices that her mood has changed: she is often sad, cries a lot and wonders how to proceed if she is on her own.

Question 3

Which question is not related to validity?

1. To what extent does the score on number series really say something about the working memory?
2. Does a patient with an extremely low score on reaction time suffer from cognitive impairment in her daily life?
3. Does the test measure what it appears to measure at first sight?
4. To what extent are the results of a test the same if they are collected at another time?

Question 4

Mr. Jones (87) gets a lower score on the Stroop test than expected. Afterwards he tells that he was very nervous and had barely slept the night before. In this case we speak of

1. disturbance factors.
2. low ecological validity.
3. low Cohen's kappa.
4. inadequate observation by the test leader.

Answers with chapter 2

Question 1

B. Complaints analysis, problem analysis, diagnosis, indication for treatment.

Question 2

B. Henk (54) goes to a psychologist because of problems with his wife. According to her, he has changed a lot lately: he doesn't listen to her problems, eats a lot of unhealthy food and seems irritated quickly. Henk himself does not agree with his wife and thinks nothing is wrong.

Question 3

D. To what extent are the results of a test the same if they are collected at another time?

Question 4

A. disturbance factors.

What is the scientific approach to neuropsychology? - ExamTests 3

Questions with chapter 3

Question 1

What is the difference between clinical neuropsychological examination and fundamental research?

1. Basic research is done by scientists and clinical neuropsychological research is not.
2. Clinical neuropsychological assessment looks at patients; fundamental research only deals with underlying theories.
3. Fundamental research is concerned with differential diagnosis; clinical neuropsychological assessment with answering questions.
4. Clinical neuropsychological research looks at the impairments and the course of a disorder; fundamental research is concerned with understanding the disorder and related brain structures.

Question 2

In which of the following research situations is longitudinal research involved?

1. 100 parents of children with epilepsy are approached via the hospital. If the parents give permission for the assessment, the child is asked every five years to fill in a questionnaire and there is made an fMRI scan. After ten of these measurements, so fifty years later, the data is analyzed.
2. Patient FD is being examined because of serious psychoses after an accident at work. He has to complete several questionnaires and a scan of his brain is made.
3. Researchers are conducting a major investigation into autism. There are five age groups: 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50+. 10 men and 10 women per age group are approached for a study that lasts about one day.
4. Researchers want to know if a drug for depression also works when someone is diagnosed with ADHD. Their research consists of four groups: one group with ADHD and the drug, one group with ADHD and a placebo, one group without ADHD and with the drug and one group without ADHD and with placebo. After the intervention, the depression scores of the different groups are compared.

Question 3

Which of the following research situations is a single-case study?

1. 100 parents of children with epilepsy are approached via the hospital. If the parents give permission for the assessment, the child is asked every five years to fill in a questionnaire and there is made an fMRI scan. After ten of these measurements, so fifty years later, the data is analyzed.
2. Patient FD is being examined because of serious psychoses after an accident at work. He has to complete several questionnaires and a scan of his brain is made.
3. Researchers are conducting a major investigation into autism. There are five age groups: 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50+. 10 men and 10 women per age group are approached for a study that lasts about one day.
4. Researchers want to know if a drug for depression also works when someone is diagnosed with ADHD. Their research consists of four groups: one group with ADHD and the drug, one group with ADHD and a placebo, one group without ADHD and with the drug and one group without ADHD and with placebo. After the intervention, the depression scores of the different groups are compared.

Question 4

What is a reason to use a control test?

1. To see if there is a difference between the experimental group and the control group.
2. To see if the usual test yields a different average score than the control test.
3. To see if there is a specific effect on function X after treatment.
4. To see if there is no placebo effect.

Question 5

There is a test-retest effect when ...

1. ... the patient scores better on a test due to familiarity with the instructions and the situation.
2. ... the patient scores better on a test when he / she practiced at home.
3. ... the test measures slightly differently with a second patient than with the first patient.
4. ... the same patient gets a completely different score, when conducting the same test for the second time.

Answers with chapter 3

Question 1

D. Clinical neuropsychological research looks at the impairments and the course of a disorder; fundamental research is concerned with understanding the disorder and related brain structures.

Question 2

A. 100 parents of children with epilepsy are approached via the hospital. If the parents give permission for the assessment, the child is asked every five years to fill in a questionnaire and there is made an fMRI scan. After ten of these measurements, so fifty years later, the data is analyzed.

Question 3

B. Researchers are conducting a major investigation into autism. There are five age groups: 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50+. 10 men and 10 women per age group are approached for a study that lasts about one day.

Question 4

C. To see if there is a specific effect on function X after treatment.

Question 5

A. ... the same patient gets a completely different score, when conducting the same test for the second time.

How can the brain be mapped? - ExamTests 4

Questions with chapter 4

Question 1

Which statement about a CT scan is correct?

1. The difference between white and gray matter can be clearly seen on the image of a CT scan.
2. A CT scan works through the transmission of X-rays.
3. A CT scan has the advantage that it provides a higher resolution than an MRI scan.
4. A CT scan results in less carcinogenic radiation than an MRI scan.

Question 2

How does functional imaging differ from structural imaging?

1. Functional imaging can be used in mental disorders; structural imaging can be used for brain damage caused by strokes or accidents.
2. Functional imaging can be used for brain damage caused by strokes or accidents; structural imaging can be used in mental disorders.
3. Functional imaging does not show which areas are active, but structural imaging does.
4. Functional imaging shows which areas are active, structural imaging not.

Question 3

Which statement about fMRI is true?

1. With fMRI, hemoglobin is used as a natural contrast fluid.
2. fMRI is quite harmful.
3. With fMRI, water is made radioactive, after which the use of oxygen can be mapped.
4. fMRI delivers images with a very good temporal resolution.

Answers with chapter 4

Question 1

B. A CT scan works through the transmission of X-rays.

Question 2

D. Functional imaging shows which areas are active, structural imaging not.

Question 3

A. With fMRI, hemoglobin is used as a natural contrast fluid.

How does the treatment and recovery work? - ExamTests 5

Questions with chapter 5

Question 1

Patient P. has brain damage as a result of a collision. For a while his cognitive functioning seems to improve, but after a year this progress stops. P., however, learns to cope better with his reduced ability to pay attention, and his forgetfulness. Learning to handle this better is also called:

1. Positive residual symptoms.
2. Negative residual symptoms.
3. Recovery at a neurological level.
4. The restorative flow of rehabilitation.

Question 2

What is the term for the lack of progress that patient P. experiences (previous question)?

1. Suboptimal coping.
2. Neurological end state.
3. Plasticity.
4. Growing into deficit.

Question 3

Which statement about plasticity is not true?

1. Plasticity is a lifelong process.
2. The degree of plasticity depends on the stage of development.
3. Research supports the Kennard principle: the prognosis after brain damage at a young age is better than the prognosis after brain damage at a later age.
4. Research supports the double hazard hypothesis: younger children who suffer serious injuries have the worst prognosis.

Question 4

What does state dependent learning mean?

1. That learning depends on the emotional state of a patient.
2. That learning depends on the degree of brain damage of a patient.
3. That learning depends on the context in which the learning takes place.
4. That learning is impossible without patient motivation.

Question 5

Which statement about training for brain damage is true?

1. Much evidence has been found for the effectiveness of training courses that fall under the restorative model.
2. Skills training is an example of training that belongs to the compensatory model.
3. In psychoeducation, a patient explains experiences to peers in order to increase social support.
4. Function training is an example of a training that belongs to the compensatory model.

Answers with chapter 5

Question 1

A. Positive residual symptoms.

Question 2

B. Neurological end state.

Question 3

C. Research supports the Kennard principle: the prognosis after brain damage at a young age is better than the prognosis after brain damage at a later age.

Question 4

C. That learning depends on the context in which the learning takes place.

Question 5

B. Skills training is an example of training that belongs to the compensatory model.

What is visual perception? - ExamTests 6

Questions with chapter 6

Question 1

Which statement about processing sensory information is incorrect?

1. All primary sensory areas are modality specific.
2. The primary visual cortex is at the center of the occipital lobe.
3. In the tertiary areas there is a link with other sensory information.
4. Face recognition falls under the primary visual area (V1).

Question 2

What is the difference between the where route and the what route?

1. The where route is in the occipito-parietal area; the what-route is in the occipito-temporal region.
2. The where route focuses primarily on where a stimulus is located in the visual field; the what route focuses primarily on how that stimulus moves.
3. The where route only processes basic information; the what route serves to process more complex information.
4. The where route is involved in visually-spatial processing and location of objects; The what route is involved in the recognition of objects and the processing of color, shape and texture.

Question 3

Patient Q. only sees pale tones. A scan shows that this is the result of a lesion. What does Q. probably have?

1. Prosopagnosia.
2. Akinetopsia.
3. Achromatopsia.
4. An apperceptive agnosia.

Question 4

Which statement about prosopagnosia is not true?

1. People with prosopagnosia cannot recognize the faces of others, but the image of their own face in the mirror always remains intact.
2. Prosopagnosia is often the result of a bilateral lesion in the occipital-temporal region.
3. The fusiform face area plays an important role in prosopagnosia.
4. Prosopagnosia is a higher-order visual disorder.

Question 5

How does the recognition of faces work out, according to the Bruce and Young model?

1. After activating the person identity node (PIN), the face recognition unit (FRU) is activated, after which the person's name can be retrieved.
2. After activating the face recognition unit (FRU), the person identity node (PIN) is activated, after which the person's name can be retrieved.
3. After activating the person identity node (PIN), the person's name is retrieved, after which the face recognition unit (FRU) can be activated.
4. After activating the face recognition unit (FRU), the name of the person is retrieved, after which the person identity node (PIN) can be activated.

Answers with chapter 6

Question 1

C. In the tertiary areas there is a link with other sensory information.

Question 2

D. The where route is involved in visually-spatial processing and location of objects; The what route is involved in the recognition of objects and the processing of color, shape and texture.

Question 3

C. Achromatopsia.

Question 4

A. People with prosopagnosia cannot recognize the faces of others, but the image of their own face in the mirror always remains intact.

Question 5

B. After activating the face recognition unit (FRU), the person identity node (PIN) is activated, after which the person's name can be retrieved.

What is spatial cognition? - ExamTests 7

Questions with chapter 7

Question 1

What sub-domains does spatial memory consist of?

1. Learning and remembering routes, dynamic spatial information and the memory for object-locations.
2. Landmarks, allocentric knowledge and self-centered knowledge.
3. The spatial working memory, allocentric knowledge and self-centered knowledge
4. Learning and remembering routes, the spatial working memory and the memory for object-locations.

Question 2

Patient L. suffers from unilateral neglect due to damage in the left hemisphere. He is instructed to draw a house. What does L. draw?

1. L. draws something completely different than a house.
2. L. only draws one half of the house.
3. L. only draws the top of the house.
4. L. draws a house, but draws the door and the windows outside the house.

Question 3

On a task, L. (question 2) can recognise a figure when just one is offered. However, when several figures are presented, he no longer notices. What's this called?

1. Extinction.
2. Partial neglect.
3. Bilateral neglect.
4. Attention neglect.

Question 4

Patient F. can find the way to her home well, but since she has a brain lesion she has been unable to remember the route to the book club, of which she has recently become a member. F. possibly suffers from ... :

1. self-centered disorientation.
2. Bálint-Holmes syndrome.
3. anterograde disorientation.
4. neglect.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is not true for Bálint-Holmes syndrome?

1. For patients, the world appears to be a chaotic collection of single objects.
2. There is simultanagnosia, oculomotor apraxia and optical ataxia.
3. Despite the limitation, patients are able to move around the world.
4. There is bilateral damage to the occipito-parietal area.

Answers with chapter 7

Question 1

D. Learning and remembering routes, the spatial working memory and the memory for object-locations.

Question 2

B. L. only draws one half of the house.

Question 3

A.- Extinction.

Question 4

C. anterograde disorientation.

Question 5

C. Despite the limitation, patients are able to move around the world.

How does memory work? - ExamTests 8

Questions with chapter 8

Question 1

Which of the following is not a part of the long-term memory (LTM)?

1. The declarative memory.
2. The implicit memory.
3. The phonological loop.
4. The semantic memory.

Question 2

Patient F. (78) has difficulty recalling events, but when she sits down at a piano, she can still play pieces of music she learned in her childhood. Which part of her memory is not damaged?

1. The implicit memory.
2. The explicit memory.
3. The declarative memory.
4. The working memory.

Question 3

Which three factors determine how well information can be remembered later?

1. How well the information is stored, cues and the type of test.
2. Cues, the degree of transfer and the type of test.
3. Cues, the retention interval and the degree of transfer.
4. How well the information is stored, the retention interval and the type of test.

Question 4

Which of the processes below are part of the non-declarative long-term memory?

1. Remembering a word list.
2. The faster recognition of a word when a concept related to the word just has been shown.
3. Being able to imagine the layout of your house.
4. Remembering a special event.

Question 5

When does the amnestic syndrome occur?

1. If the patient has both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
2. If the patient has anterograde amnesia.
3. If the patient has retrograde amnesia.
4. If there is abnormally quick forgetting.

Question 6

Which statement about transient global amnesia (TGA) is true?

1. Amnesia does not get better in TGA; the patient always keeps having memory problems.
2. The etiology of TGA is very clear.
3. Sometimes epilepsy is the cause of TGA. We then speak of a transient epileptic amnesia (TEA).
4. Psychiatric disorders such as depression or schizophrenia can never be the cause of TGA.

Answers with chapter 8

Question 1

C. The phonological loop.

Question 2

A. The implicit memory.

Question 3

D. How well the information is stored, the retention interval and the type of test.

Question 4

B. The faster recognition of a word when a concept related to the word just has been shown.

Question 5

A. If the patient has both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

Question 6

C. Sometimes epilepsy is the cause of TGA. We then speak of a transient epileptic amnesia (TEA).

How is language viewed from neuropsychology perspective? - ExamTests 9

Questions with chapter 9

Question 1

What information about words can be found in the mental lexicon?

1. Attributes related to meaning, form, and phonetic attributes.
2. Attributes related to meaning, grammatical attributes, and characteristics relating to form.
3. Similarities between words, connections between words and differences between words.
4. Similarities between words, grammatical properties and information about sentence structure.

Question 2

Patient A. has a severe form of aphasia. The neuropsychologist asks her various questions and takes a number of tests, but she only answers "I don't know" and "how do you say that". What do you call this form of automatic speech?

1. Echolalia.
2. Serial speech.
3. Stereotype.
4. Perseveration.

Question 3

Patient U. has a severe form of aphasia. He wants to say that his wife came to visit yesterday and he got cookies. He does this as follows: "Jessie... visit ... yesterday ... I .... get a cake ..." What is this form of sentence construction problem called?

1. Agrammatism.
2. Paragrammatism.
3. Pseudogrammatism.
4. Antigrammatism.

Question 4

In what case do we speak of Broca's aphasia?

1. If the speech is fluent, but the concept of language is impaired.
2. If the concept of language is intact, but speech and articulation are impaired.
3. If the biggest problem is that words cannot be repeated.
4. If speech, language comprehension and repetition are impaired.

Question 5

Tests show that patient F. has an intact concept of language. There is no paragrammatism, there are no paraphasias, a slowed rate of speech or agrammatism. When F. talks, she clearly has serious problems finding words. What form of aphasia does F. probably have?

1. Broca's aphasia.
2. Wernicke's aphasia.
3. Transcortical aphasia.
4. Amnestic aphasia.

Question 6

What is the difference between dyspraxia and dysarthria?

1. In dyspraxia, something goes wrong when programming articulating organs; in dysarthria there is reduced control over the muscles used for articulation.
2. In dyspraxia patients have difficulty writing; patients with dysarthria have difficulty reading.
3. In dyspraxia patients have difficulty with longer words; in dysarthria patients have difficulty with consonant clusters.
4. In dyspraxia patients have brain damage or damage to the central nervous system; in dysarthria patients have muscle damage.

Answers with chapter 9

Question 1

B. Attributes related to meaning, grammatical attributes, and characteristics relating to form.

Question 2

C. Stereotype.

Question 3

A. Agrammatism.

Question 4

B. If the concept of language is intact, but speech and articulation are impaired.

Question 5

D. Amnestic aphasia.

Question 6

A. In dyspraxia, something goes wrong when programming articulating organs; in dysarthria there is reduced control over the muscles used for articulation.

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