Examtests with How Children Develop by Siegler a.o. - 6th edition

Why do we study the development of children? - ExamTest 1

Questions with chapter 1

Question 1

Which statement is true?

1. It is not possible to suppose that children tell the truth in court.

2. Specifically, young children are susceptible for suggestive questioning, when questions are repeated again and again.

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 2

Which statement is true? Children can experience negative effects when they...

1. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 1 month after birth.
2. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 3 months after birth.
3. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 6 months after birth.
4. Have been in an unstable environment longer than 1 year after birth.

Question 3

Which general conclusion can be drawn about continuous/discontinuous development, despite some disagreement over the topic?

1. Development is mainly a continuous process.
2. Development is mainly a discontinuous process, as proved in the stage theories.
3. It depends on how you look at it and how often you look.
4. Development is sometimes a continuous and sometimes a discontinuous process.

Question 4

Which research design has the advantage of being able to observe the change of individuals over time and the disadvantage that repeated testing reduces external validity?

1. Longitudinal research
2. Observational research
3. Cross-sectional research
4. Correlational Research

Question 5

The "turtle shell" technique is an example of a successful intervention that helps preschoolers cope with ...

1. The sense of isolation.
2. Feelings of embarrassment.
3. Bullying from peers.
4. Their own anger.

Question 6

What is meta-analysis?

1. The reproduction of a past study in order to confrim or debunk the results.
2. A philosophical exploration of an experiment or case study.
3. A method for combining and analyzing the results from several independent studies.
4. A list of all published articles related to a specific area of research.

Question 7

Studies have shown that children's testimony is usually accurate when which of the following conditions are met?

1. The interviewer does not ask leading questions.
2. One of the child's parents is present.
3. The child and the interviewer are alone when the testimony is given.
4. The child is repeatedly prompted during the interview.

Question 8

According to developmentalists, which of the following statements is true?

1. Development is most heavily influenced by nature.
2. Development is most heavily influenced by nurture.
3. Development is influenced by thejoint working of nature and nurture.
4. Nature and nurture are essentially the same.

Question 9

The concept of the "active child" refers to ...

1. Observations of children at play.
2. Whether an infant sleeps through the night.
3. The importance of physical activity to child development.
4. How children contribute to their own environment.

Question 10

In recent decades, researchers have come to the conclusion that, after infancy, most developmental changes occur ...

1. Gradually.
2. Suddenly.
3. Discontinuously.
4. Externally.

Question 11

In the context of mechanisms of developmental change, the study of the development of "effortful attention" provides insights into ...

1. Continuous versus discontinuous development.
2. The role of brain activity, genes, and learning experiences.
3. The complexity of the child's sociocultural environment.
4. The role of the researcher in judging the validity of a study.

Question 12

The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up a child's environment are known as ...

1. The developmental foundation.
2. The sociocultural context.
3. The developmental stage.
4. The socioeconomic status.

Question 13

The first basic step in using the scientific method involves ...

1. Developing a research plan.
2. Choosing a question.
3. Formulating a hypothesis.
4. Drawing a conclusion.

Question 14

In order to generalize her findings beyond the individuals who participated in her study, Dr. Liu needs to conduct additional research using participants from a variety of backgrounds. What quality of behavioral research is Dr. Liu addressing?

1. Interrater reliability.
2. Internal validity.
3. Test-retest reliability.
4. External validity.

Question 15

The experience that children in an experimental group receive - and which children in a control group do not receive - is referred to as the ...

1. Dependent variable.
2. Independent variable.
3. Random assignment.
4. Correlational design.

Answers with chapter 1

Question 1

B. Research shows that younger children forget details more often, but what they say is mainly based on the truth.

Question 2

C. Research shows that children who have been in deprivation for less than 6 months after birth, will experience no negative effects later in life. However, if this period is longer than 6 months, they can experience negative effects later in life, despite they might be in a stable environment.

Question 3

C. Stage theories seem to argue for a discontinuous development. Parents see their children grow up a bit every day, they see the continuity of the development of their child, whereas a friend of the family might see huge changes since he last saw the child.

Question 4

A. Longitudinal research is a method that focuses on the behavior of children of the same age over a longer period of time, in which measurements are repeated. An advantage of this method is that the degree of stability can be determined over a longer period. The information obtained also says something about the patterns of changes over time. However, this method also has disadvantages: often many participants drop out ("dropouts"), for various reasons. Repeated measurements can also affect the external validity of the study.

Question 5

D. The intervention is aimed at helping preschoolers cope with their own anger.

Question 6

C. A meta-analysis is a method for combining and analyzing the results from several independent studies.

Question 7

A. The interviewer should not ask leading questions, as children are very vulnerable for compliance.

Question 8

C. According to developmentalists, development is influenced by the joint workings of nature and nurture.

Question 9

D. The "active child" refers to how children contribute to their own development, or in other words how they play an "active role" in it.

Question 10

A. In recent decades, researchers have come to the conclusion that, after infancy, most developmental changes occur gradually.

Question 11

B. The study of the development of "effortful attention" provides insights to the role of brain activity, genes, and learning experiences.

Question 12

B. It is known as the sociocultural context.

Question 13

B. The first step is to choose a research question.

Question 14

D. She refers to external validity.

Question 15

B. The independent variable.

How does prenatal development work? - ExamTests 2

Questions with chapter 2

Question 1

When does a fertilized egg be called 'fetus'?

1. Directly after conception.
2. After three weeks.
3. After nine weeks.
4. After three months.

Question 2

What is cell differentiation?

1. The process that takes place 12 hours after fertilization.
2. The process whereby cells specialize in structure and function.
3. The process of movement of newly formed cells away from their original location.
4. The process whereby redundant cells are destroyed.

Question 3

Which of the following is no consequence of being small for gestational age?

1. Learning problems.
2. Social problems.
3. Increased risk of infections.
4. Insufficient growth.

Question 4

In what phase of development do teratogens cause the most severe damage?

1. Directly after conception.
2. In the fetal phase of prenatal development.
3. In the embryonic phase of prenatal development.
4. In post-natal development.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about sensitive periods in prenatal development is correct?

1. The sensitive periods of the first major organ systems are simultaneous.
2. Teratogens have the most severe effect on prenatal development just prior to the development of an organ system.
3. The sensitive period of an organ is the period in which the basic structures of this organ are formed.
4. The sensitive period of limb development occurs several weeks before limb development begins.

Question 6

The single cell that forms when two gametes merge during conception is called a ...

1. Zygote.
2. Ova.
3. Sperm.
4. Embryo.

Question 7

Which process of prenatal development is critical to the specialization of cells?

1. Cell division.
2. Synaptogenesis.
3. Cell differentiation.
4. Apoptosis.

Question 8

Harry and Ron are genetically identical twins and are referred to as ... . Althea (a genetic female) and Stephen (a genetic male) are also twins but are clearly ... twins.

1. Monozygotic; identical.
2. Dizygotic; fraternal.
3. Dizygotic; monozygotic.
4. Monozygotic; dizygotic.

Question 9

Which of the following systems protects the developing embryo from dangerous toxins?

1. Amniotic sac.
2. Placenta.
3. Umbilical cord.
4. Neural tube.

Question 10

The disproportionaly large head of a 5-month-old fetus is a typical result of the normal process of ...

1. Cephalocaudal development.
2. Proximal-distal development.
3. Lateral development.
4. Bottom-up development.

Question 11

Which of the following sense is the least active while the fetus is in the womb?

1. Hearing.
2. Smell.
3. Taste.
4. Sight.

Question 12

Logan's dad is thrilled as Logan laughs each time he shows him a new toy: a monkey that squeaks when he pushes on its belly. After repeated exposure to the squeaking monkey, Logan becomes bored and no longer laughs. This process is known as ...

1. Habituation.
2. Dishabituation.
3. Classical conditioning.
4. Operant conditioning.

Question 13

The DeCasper and Spence study, in which pregnant women read aloud twice a day from the same book during their last 6 weeks of pregnancy, was designed to assess ... .

1. Fetal attention.
2. Fetal learning.
3. Infant attention.
4. Infant learning.

Question 14

Which of the following does not influence the severity of the effect of a teratogen on a developing fetus?

1. Timing of exposure.
2. Quantity of exposure.
3. Duration of exposure.
4. Number of previous pregnancies.

Question 15

Which is not a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?

1. Facial deformities.
2. Intellectual disability.
3. Underactivity.
4. Attention problems.

Answers with chapter 2

Question 1

C. The first two weeks, it is called zygote, from 3 to 8 weeks embryo.

Question 2

B. A is mitosis, C is cell migration and D is apoptosis.

Question 3

D. Children that are small for gestational age are mostly left alone to decrease the risk of infection. This also prevents the emergence of social and learning problems.

Question 4

C. Tereatogens can cause the most severe damage during the embryonic phase of development.

Question 5

C. The sensitive period of an organ is the period in which the basic structures of this organ are formed.

Question 6

A. It is called a zygote.

Question 7

C. Cell differentiation is the process that is critical to the specialization of cells.

Question 8

D. Harry and Ron are genetically identical twins and are referred to as monozygotic. Althea (a genetic female) and Stephen (a genetic male) are also twins but are clearly dizygotic twins.

Question 9

B. The placenta protects the embryo from these dangerous toxins.

Question 10

A. Cephalocaudal development refers to prenatal growth and development that occurs from the head down.

Question 11

D. Sight.

Question 12

A. It is called habituation.

Question 13

B. Fetal learning.

Question 14

D. The number of previous pregnancies of the mother does not influence the severity of the effect of a teratogen on a developing fetus.

Question 15

C. Underactivity is not a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome, caused by (excessive) alcohol consumption by the mother during prenatal development.

How do nature and nurture play a role in development? - ExamTest 3

Questions with chapter 3

Question 1

Which of the following is true?

1. Adoption studies examine whether siblings who grew up apart, are more different than siblings who were raised together.

2. Adoptive twin studies compare identical twins who grew up together versus identical twins who were raised apart.

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 2

Which statement about heritability is true?

1. Heritability gives information about certain populations.
2. Heritability gives information about individuals.
3. High heritability means that a certain trait is unchangeable.
4. Heritability gives information about differences between certain groups.

Question 3

1. More boys than girls are born.
2. Boys are more likely to be delivered by C-section than girls.
3. The Y chromosome fertilizes an egg more aften than the X chromosome.

Which statement(s) is / are correct?

1. Statement I is correct, statements II and III are incorrect.
2. Proposition I and II are correct, Proposition III is incorrect.
3. All statements are correct.
4. All statements are incorrect.

Question 4

What is the genotype?

1. The inherited genetic material of an individual.
2. The observable expression of the genes, namely the bodily characteristics and behavior.
3. The all-encompassing aspect of an individual and his / her surrounding aspects.
4. The heritable changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.

Question 5

Father has a dominant brown gene and a recessive green gene. Mother has a dominant green gene and a recessive green gene. What are the chances of their child having green eyes?

1. 25%.
2. 50%.
3. 75%.
4. 100%.

Question 6

What do we mean by passive gene-environment interactions?

1. The child's environment is changed by the genes.
2. A child evokes reactions from the environment through which certain genes are expressed.
3. The child's environment matches his / her genes, because the child's genes make sure he / she chooses a particular environment.
4. A child's genes are changed by the environment.

Question 7

Marcus has red hair, green eyes, and freckles. He is very active but shy. These characteristics are a reflecten of Marcus's ...

1. Dominant genes.
2. Recessive genes.
3. Genotype.
4. Phenotype.

Question 8

An individual's genetic sex is determined by ...

1. Whether the mother has a Y chromosome.
2. The random interaction of the sex chromosomes of the mother and father.
3. The sex chromosomes contributed by the mother.
4. The sex chromosomes contributed by the father.

Question 9

The continual switching on or off of specific genes at specific times throughout development is hte result of a chain of genetic events primarily controlled by ...

1. Alleles.
2. Regulator genes.
3. Glial cells.
4. Synaptogenesis.

Question 10

Traits such as aggression and shyness are the result of the contributions of a complex combination of genes. These traits are examples of which process?

1. Polygenetic inhberitance.
2. Experience-expectant plasticity.
3. Mendelian inheritance.
4. Experience-dependent plasticity.

Question 11

A twin-study design project reveals that the correlation between identical (MZ) twins on a given trait is substantially higher than that between fraternal (DZ) twins. Which of the following statements offers the most plausible explanation for the difference in how this trait is correlated in MZ twins compared with DZ twins?

1. Environmental factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation.
2. Genetic factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation.
3. Environmental and genetic factors are equally responsible for the difference in correlation.
4. No assumption can be made as to the contributions of environmental or genetic factors for the difference.

Question 12

Which of the following responses would be consistent with the statement "high heritability does not imply immutability"?

1. The concept of inheritance plays a very small role in dictating an individual's phenotype.
2. Highly heritable traits affect all individuals in the same way.
3. Intervention efforts can successfully influence the course of development related to an inherited trait.
4. There is little point in trying to improve the course of development related to an inherited trait.

Question 13

The points at which neurons communicate with one another are called ...

1. Synapses.
2. Glial cells.
3. Dendrites.
4. Myelin sheaths.

Question 14

The process of synaptogenesis ...

1. Involves the formation of connections between neurons.
2. Causes the elimination of excess neurons.
3. Is basically complete before birth.
4. Is the proliferation of neurons through cell division.

Question 15

The capacity of the brain to be molded or changed by experience is referred to as ...

1. Synaptogenesis.
2. Associative learning.
3. Plasticity.
4. Neurogenesis.

Answers with chapter 3

Question 1

B. Adoption studies examine differences in traits between adopted and biological children and examine if the children resemble their biological relatives more than their adoptive ones.

Question 2

A. The other three answers are misconceptions about heritability.

Question 3

C. All statements are correct: More boys than girls are born, boys are more likely to be delivered by C-section than girls, and the Y chromosome fertilizes an egg more often than the X chromosome.

Question 4

A. The genotype is the inherited genetic material of an individual. Answer B refers to 'phenotype', answer C refers to 'environment', and answer D refers to 'epigenetics'.

Question 5

A. The chances are 25%.

Question 6

B. A child evokes reactions from the environment through which certain genes are expressed.

Question 7

D. Phenotype.

Question 8

D. The sex chromosomes contributed by the father: Whether the genetic father passes on his X-chromosome or his Y-chromosome.

Question 9

B. Regulator cells control this process.

Question 10

A. Polygenetic inheritance.

Question 11

B. Genetic factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation.

Question 12

C. Intervention efforts can successfully influence the course of development related to an inherited trait.

Question 13

A. Synapses are the points at which neurons communicate with one another.

Question 14

A. It involves the formation of connections between neurons.

Question 15

C. Plasticity.

What are different theories on the cognitive development of children? - ExamTest 4

Questions with chapter 4

Question 1

Which concept of Piaget is defined by the following: The process by which people process incoming information according to concepts they already understand.

1. Modification.
2. Equilibration.
3. Assimilation.
4. Accommodation.

Question 2

Which of the following is the right order of Piaget's stages?

1. Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage.
2. Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, formal operational stage, concrete operational stage.
3. Preoperational stage, sensorimotor stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage.
4. Preoperational stage, sensorimotor stage, formal operational stage, concrete operational stage.

Question 3

Which of the following is true?

1. Core-knowledge theorist propose that children are born with general knowledge and that they expand this knowledge gradually. Piaget proposes that children are born with both general knowledge and specialized learning mechanisms to acquire additional information.

2. Core-knowledge theorist see the child as scientist, Piaget sees the child as a well-adapted product of evolution.

1. Only statement 1 is true.
2. Only statement 2 is true.
3. Both statements are true.
4. Both statements are false.

Question 4

What are the three hallmarks of Piaget's Constructivism?

1. The child is a scientist, learning happens through the environment, and extrinsic motivation.
2. The child is a 'blank slate', learning is done by the environment, and intrinsic motivation.
3. The child is a scientist, learning is done independently, and has extrinsic motivation.
4. The child is a scientist, learning is done independently, and has intrinsic motivation.

Question 5

Which theory focuses most on the innate learning skills of a child?

1. Information processing theory.
2. Piaget's Theory.
3. Dynamic systems theory.
4. Core knowledge theory.

Question 6

According to Piaget, development is both continuous and discontinuous. Which of the following aspects of Piagetian theory would be considered a source of discontinuity?

1. Assimilation.
2. Accommodation.
3. Equilibration.
4. Invariant stages.

Question 7

A noted accomplishment during Piaget's sensorimotor stage is ...

1. Symbolic representation.
2. Object permanence.
3. Conservation.
4. Egocentrism.

Question 8

According to information-processing theories, the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information is referred to as ...

1. Memory.
2. Rehearsal.
3. Metacognition.
4. Retrieval.

Question 9

Information-processing theories note several limits on children's thinking. Which of the following is not one of these limits?

1. Memory capacity.
2. Implementation of task analysis.
3. Speed of processing information.
4. Ability to utilize problem-solving strategies.

Question 10

Overlapping waves theory explains children's ability to ...

1. Selectively attend to the most relevant aspect of a problem.
2. Identify the obstacles in ahcieving a goal.
3. Effectively process mental operations.
4. Discover new strategies that lead to more efficient problem solving.

Question 11

According to core-knowledge theorists, children possess naïve theories in what three major domains?

1. Mathematics, psychology, and arts.
2. Biology, sociology, and psychology.
3. Biology, physics, and psychology.
4. Sociology, physics, and psychology.

Question 12

Five-year-old Marcus is learning gymnastics. He's having trouble on the balance beam, so his teacher assits by holding his hand as he walks across. This interaction can be described as ...

1. Guided participation.
2. Discovery learning.
3. Intersubjectivity.
4. The jigsaw approach.

Question 13

Jamal is walking with his mother. He taps her on the arm, points to an animal, and says, "Doggie!" This is an example of ...

1. Social scaffolding.
2. Joint attention.
3. Cultural tools.
4. Directed learning.

Question 14

Although Piaget argues that infants younger than 8 months fail the A-not-B error test due to a lack of object permanence, proponents of dynamic-systems theories argue their failure is ...

1. Due to a combination of habit, memory demands, and focus of attention.
2. Influenced by the infant's motor abilities.
3. Caused by an infant's fragile attachment to the hidden object.
4. Influenced by infant fatigue.

Question 15

Although 15-month-old Lena has been walking unassisted for several months, on recent trips to the park her father has noticed Lena walking on some areas of the playground but crawling on others. Lena's regression from walking to crawling in this example is best explained by which theory?

1. Constructivist theory.
2. Overlapping waves theory.
3. Sociocultural theories.
4. Information-processing theories.

Answers with chapter 4

Question 1

C. Accommodation is the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences. Equilibration is the process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding. Modification is the inclination to react to the environment in such a way to reach personal goals.

Question 2

A. The correct order is sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage.

Question 3

D. Both statements are exactly the opposite. Piaget proposes that children are born with general knowledge and that they expand this knowledge gradually. Core-knowledge theorists propose that children are born with both general knowledge and specialized learning mechanisms to rapidly acquire additional information. Piaget sees the child as scientist, core-knowledge theorists see the child as a well-adapted product of evolution.

Question 4

D. The child is a scientist, learning is done independently, and has intrinsic motivation.

Question 5

D. The core-knowledge theory.

Question 6

D. Invariant stages are considered an example of discontinuity in development.

Question 7

B. Object permanence is attained during the sensorimotor stage of development. Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or otherwise sensed.

Question 8

A. Memory is the ability to encode, sotre, and retrieve information.

Question 9

B. Implementation of task analysis is not considered a limit on children's thinking.

Question 10

D. Overlapping waves theory explains children's ability to discover new strategies that lead to more efficient problem solving.

Question 11

C. Children possess naïve theories in biology, physics, and psychology.

Question 12

A. This is an example of guided participation.

Question 13

B. This is an example of joint attention. Joint attention is the ability to engage in certain social interactions such as sharing, following and focusing attention on an object or event through the use of eye movements and gestures and attuning them to the other person.

Question 14

A. Proponents of dynamic-systems theories would claim this failure is due to a combination of habit, memory demands, and focus of attention.

Question 15

B. This example is best explained by the overlapping waves theory.

How do children develop perception, action, and learning? - ExamTest 5

Questions with chapter 5

Question 1

Which concept is defined in the following? The processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain.

1. Perception.
2. Observation.
3. Sensation.
4. Information processing.

Question 2

Fill in: Infants have high/poor contrast sensitivity, because the cones/rods in their retinas are immature.

1. High, cones.
2. High, rods.
3. Poor, cones.
4. Poor, rods.

Question 3

Which of the following is no reflex of a newborn?

1. Grasping.
2. Sucking.
3. Swallowing.
4. Splashing.

Question 4

Mutual understanding is also called ...

1. Theory of Mind.
2. Intermodal perception.
3. Intersubjectivity.
4. Active learning.

Question 5

A baby touches a block in a dark room. Then he enters a lit room where he sees a ball and a block. He chooses the square block. The familiarity that is shown in this example is due to ...

1. Active learning.
2. Intermodal perception.
3. Object constancy.
4. Perception constancy.

Question 6

A teddy bear makes a sound when you press it. A child realizes this and starts to press on the bear more often. How do we call this effect?

1. Classical conditioning.
2. Imitation.
3. Instrumental conditioning.
4. Active learning.

Question 7

How do babies learn about gravity?

1. When they are a few months old, they only have a basic understanding of gravity. This understanding develops further during the first year of life.
2. A basic understanding of gravity is innate.
3. Babies learn about gravity by trial-and-error during the first year of life.
4. Only after the first year of life do children learn to understand gravity.

Question 8

A young baby does not reach for an object that has just seen hidden. Piaget's interpretation of this is:

1. The baby is no longer interested in the object.
2. The baby is unaware of the object's existence.
3. The baby is not yet able to reach for the object.
4. The baby is not yet able to get the object out.

Question 9

A researcher presents an infant with two objects. To determine whether the infant is able to discriminate between the objects and favors one over the other, the researcher measures the amount of time the infant spends looking at each object. Which experimental technique is this researcher using?

1. Contrast sensitivity technique.
2. Visuel acuity method.
3. Preferential-looking method.
4. Active learning method.

Question 10

One-month-old Bella is hown a small cube that is close to her. Next she is shown a larger cube that is farther away from her. Because the two cubes are at different distances from Bella, they appear to be the same size. Bella's actions indicate that she recongizes that the second cube is larger, signifying that she has ...

1. Perceptual constancy.
2. ìntermodal perception.
3. Perceptual narrowing.
4. Optical expansion.

Question 11

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why young infants tend to have more trouble with auditory localization than older infants and children do?

1. Young infants are not adept at perceiving patterns, particularly sound patterns.
2. Young infants do not yet understand that sound can come from a variety of sources.
3. Children's ears do nut fully develop until they are close to 1 year old.
4. Young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other.

Question 12

Five-week-old Johnny is touched on the cheeck and promptly turns his head to the side that was touched. Johnny is displayed ...

1. Intermodal perception.
2. Contrast sensitivity.
3. the rooting reflex.
4. The tonic neck reflex.

Question 13

The violation-of-expectancy procedure provided evidence of what basic assumption about infants' understanding of their world?

1. Infants will repeat actions if they receive positive reinforcement from those actions.
2. Infants' imitative actions are limited to the actions of other humans.
3. Infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible event than at a possible event.
4. Infants' attention will diminish after repeated exposure to the same stimuli.

Question 14

How does the element of surprise aid in the process of active learning in infants?

1. Surprise instills fear, which prompts the child to seek out less risky situations.
2. Infants are more likely to search for explanation to unexpected events.
3. Parents can explain unexpected events to their children, thus helping them learn.
4. Infants are more likely to seek out situations that conform to their understanding.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of perceptual narrowing?

1. Compared to older children and adults, infants are better able to distinguish between different individual monkeys.
2. Infants display a preference for top-heavy, upright faces.
3. Older infants will more likely attempts to grasp an object in a realistic photograph than the same object displayed in a line drawing.
4. As infants gain more experience, they become more adept at devising strategies for crawling down a steep slope.

Answers with chapter 5

Question 1

C. Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

Question 2

C. Infants have poor contrast sensitivity, because the cones in their retinas are immature.

Question 3

D. Splashing is not a reflex of a newborn.

Question 4

C. Intersubjectivity is another term for mutual understanding.

Question 5

B. Intermodal perception is the integration of the same stimulus in multiple modals of perception.

Question 6

C. Instrumental conditioning can also be called operant conditioning.

Question 7

A. When they are a few months old, they only have a basic understanding of gravity. This understanding develops further during the first year of life.

Question 8

B. The baby is not yet able to be aware of an object that he / she is not seeing.

Question 9

C. Preferential-looking technique.

Question 10

A. perceptual constancy.

Question 11

D. Young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other.

Question 12

C. Johnny is displaying the rooting reflex.

Question 13

C. Infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible events than at a possible event. The violation-of-expectancy method is a technique for studying infant cognition, based on habituation and dishabituation procedures, in which increases in an infant's looking time at an event or other stimulus are interpreted as evidence that the outcome he or she expected has not occurred.

Question 14

B. Infants are more likely to search for explanations to unexpected events.

Question 15

A. Compared to older children and adults, infants are better able to distinguish between different individual monkeys. This ability disappears as a consequence of perceptual narrowing.

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