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Measures affecting Asbestos - Arrest

Measures affecting Asbestos

 

 

The WTO Appellate Body geeft allereerst uitleg over de bedoeling die ten grondslag ligt aan art. 3:1 GATT: het verzekeren dat nationale maatregelen niet worden gebruikt voor zover het gaat om nationale producten of geïmporteerde producten, dat dit bescherming biedt aan de nationale productie.

Vervolgens komt art. 3:4 GATT aan de orde. Bepaald wordt dat laatstgenoemd artikel gezien moet worden in het licht van het doel dat het WTO X aan art. 3:1 GATT verbindt. De samenhang tussen genoemde artikelen moet erin voorzien dat er sprake is van gelijke concurrentie posities die kunnen worden gevonden door het achterwege laten van nationale belastingen of regelingen die ertoe leiden dat de nationale productie wordt beschermd. De samenhang der artikelen is bedoeld om specifiek productdiscriminatie tegen te gaan. Om te kunnen vaststellen of hier sprake van is, moet de vraag worden beantwoord wanneer er sprake is van 'like products.' Hiervoor worden vier algemene criteria aangedragen:

 

1. de eigendommen, natuur en kwaliteit van de producten

2. het eindgebruik van de producten

3. de voorkeuren en gewoonten van consumenten met betrekking tot die desbetreffende producten, ofwel: het consumentengedrag in relatie tot die producten

4. de prijsclassificatie van die producten

 

Vervolgens kunnen er vier categorieën van 'characteristics' worden onderscheiden, die de betrokken producten kunnen delen:

 

1. de materiële eigenschappen van de producten

2. de mate waarin de producten kunnen voorzien in dezelfde of vergelijkbare eindgebruiken

3. de mate waarin consumenten de producten ontvangen en behandelen als alternatief om bepaalde functies uit te oefenen teneinde aan particuliere wensen of verlangens te voldoen

4. de internationale classificatie van de producten voor prijsdoeleinden

 

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