Examtests with Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature of Larsen and Buss - 2nd international edition

What is personality? - ExamTests 1 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Define the concept of personality.

Question 2

Which three parts consist of psychological mechanisms?

Question 3

Identify the three levels of personality analysis.

Question 4

Describe the nomothetic and idiographic research method.

Question 5

Which six research areas, from different angles, are aimed at gaining insight into the nature of man?

Question 6

Which three requirements are placed on personality theories?

MC questions

Question 1

What is the study of a single individual an example of?

1. Nomothetic research

2. Correlational research

3. Idiographic research

4. Cognitive psychological research

Question 2

Which of the following possibilities makes a typical statement about character?

1. I am big and strong

2. You can rely on me

3. I come up with solutions to problems

4. I respond quickly and energetically

Question 3

Psychological mechanisms differ from properties in that mechanisms:

1. Referring more to processes

2. Be less stable

3. No decision-making rules

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 4

The dispositional area assumes that change occurs

1. When the environment changes

2. By therapy

3. By the way properties are expressed

4. Because properties change

Question 5

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. Describe behavior

2. Cause behavior

3. Answer A and B are both correct

4. Answer A and B are both incorrect

Question 6

According to the intrapsychic approach (FREUD!), The source of all psychological problems lies in:

1. The unconscious

2. (Bad) environments

3. Chemical imbalance in the brain

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 7

The dispositional domain deals with personality problems:

1. by psychoanalysis

2. by cognitive therapy

3. by fitting in the right environments

4. by changing relationships between reward and punishment

Question 8

Which of the following concepts is a subcategory of personality?

1. Individual differences

2. Character

3. Intelligence

4. The Big Five

Question 9

Which domain relies most on the statistical method to identify fundamental properties?

1. The dispositional domain

2. The biological domain

3. The domain of the adaptation

4. The social and cultural domain

Question 10

The intrapsychic approach sees behavior as

1. especially random

2. mainly caused by environment

3. mainly determined by mental powers

4. none of the above answers are correct

Question 11

A dispositional researcher would expect someone who is friendly at work to:

1. at home is also friendly

2. is friendly in social situations

3. at home is not friendly before

4. answer a and b are both correct

Question 12

A talkative person

1. will always talk more than a quiet person

2. can never shut up

3. talk more than a quiet person in the theater, for example

4. talks more than a quiet person on average

Question 13

Which of the following questions emphasizes research on personality traits?

1. How many fundamental properties are there?

2. How are traits organized within the person?

3. Where do properties come from?

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 14

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. describe behavior

2. cause behavior

3. answer A and B are both correct

4. answers A and B are both incorrect

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Personality is a collection of an individual's psychological traits and mechanisms that exhibit coherence, generally persist, and affect the individual's interaction and his / her adaptation to intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

Question 2

Input (information from the environment), decision rules (way of thinking), and output (tendency to certain behavior).

Question 3

Each person is in certain respects: 1) equal to others (the level of human nature), 2) similar to others (the level of individual and group differences) and 3) unique (the level of individual uniqueness).

Question 4

Nomothetic research: statistical comparisons of individuals or groups. It is used to distinguish universal human traits. Idiographic (descriptive) research: concerns a single subject and observes the way in which general principles are applicable in a single case. This often concerns a psychological biography or a study of one person.

Question 5

The dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive-experimental, socio-cultural and adaptation domain.

Question 6

First, the theory should guide researchers, leading to new findings. Second, the theory must explain known findings. Finally, the theory must make specific predictions that can be tested empirically.

Answer indication MC questions

1. C

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. A

7. C

8. A

9. A

10. C

11. D

12. D

13. D

14. D

How can personality be measured? - ExamTests 2 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Name the four main forms of data collection.

Question 2

Name a disadvantage of S-data, O-data and T-data.

Question 3

What does fMRI mean and what is its purpose?

Question 4

When can a test be called reliable?

Question 5

When can a test be considered valid?

Question 6

What three types of research designs are there and what are they best suited for?

MC questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives is an example of an unstructured questionnaire?

1. True / false questions

2. Open questions

3. Forced choice questions

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 2

What do we know if dominance positively correlates with ego strength?

1. Ego-strength dominance

2. Dominance causes ego-strength

3. People who score high on dominance also score high on ego strength

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 3

In an experimental design, the manipulated variable is

1. The randomly assigned variable

2. The independent variable

3. The dependent variable

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 4

Someone who tends to agree with all the questions in a questionnaire will likely show the response set:

1. Giving extreme answers (extreme responding)

2. Faking

3. Acquiescence (agree with everything)

4. Social desirability

Question 5

What someone tells you about their friend is considered to be:

1. S data

2. L data

3. O-data

4. T data

Question 6

Which of the following concepts is not important for assessing a personality measurement?

1. Validity

2. Manipulation

3. Generalizability

4. Reliability

Question 7

What do psychological researchers mainly derive their psychological statements from?

1. The style of the behavior

2. The content of the behavior

3. From someone's reputation

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 8

If someone's personality has been assessed four times, and each time that person gets the same score, we know that that rating…

1. is reliable

2. is valid

3. is statistically significant

4. all the above answers are correct

Question 9

If people who score high on 'extraversion' also score high on measurements of 'being happy', then 'extraversion' and 'being happy'…

1. uncorrelated

2. positively correlated

3. negatively correlated

4. perhaps correlated, but there is not enough information to say anything about it

Question 10

When different measurements of the same construct correlate high with a given test, that test has high….

1. convergent validity

2. discriminant validity

3. face validity

4. none of the above answers are correct

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Self-reporting (S-data), observer data (O-data), laboratory tests (T-data) and life outcomes (L-data).

Question 2

S-data: Participants can lie or fake.

O-data: Observers may not have access to relevant information.

T-data: Lab tests may not be suitable for discovering patterns in everyday life.

Question 3

Functional magnetic resonance imaging; discovering the place and patterns of brain activity when participants perform certain tasks.

Question 4

When the same scores are obtained with repeated measurements.

Question 5

When the test measures what it should measure.

Question 6

The first is experimental research. This method is best suited for determining causality between two variables. The second type is correlational research. This method is best suited for investigating relationships between variables in natural settlements. The third method is the case study. This is suitable for formulating hypotheses and gaining insight into individual cases.

Answer indication MC questions

1. B

2. C

3. B

4. C

5. C

6. B

7. A

8. A

9. B

10. A

How can personality traits be described and classified? - ExamTests 3 (2)

MC-questions

Question 1

What are the two most used personality dimensions in the history of personality psychology?

1. Conscientiousness and Neuroticism.

2. Neuroticism and Extraversion.

3. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.

4. Extraversion and Agreeableness.

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives exemplifies the view that properties are descriptive summaries?

1. The sociosexual orientation scale (…).

2. Theoretical scale construction (1-2-3-4-5).

3. Eysenck's theory (3 main features; extroversion, neuroticism, psychotic).

4. The “act-frequency” method (Act nomination, proto. Judg., Rec or act perf).

Question 3

A researcher who defines properties before examining them follows ...

1. The statistical approach.

2. The theoretical approach.

3. The lexical approach.

4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 4

Features in a circumplex that are each other's opposites ...

1. Do not correlate.

2. Correlate positively.

3. Correlate negatively.

4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

The idea that all major differences have been precipitated in the natural language is known as ...

1. The individual differences hypothesis.

2. The lexical hypothesis.

3. Factor analysis.

4. Property taxonomy.

Question 6

In Wiggins' circumplex, dominance and warmth-friendliness (agreeableness) convey the relationship of ...

1. 'Adjacency' to.

2. Bipolarity.

3. Orthogonality.

4. Factor loads.

Question 7

Someone who is anti-social and shows lack of empathy probably scores high on the trait ...

1. Extraversion.

2. Neuroticism.

3. Psychoticism.

4. All the above answers are correct.

Open questions

Question 1

Which two approaches are there to conceptualize traits?

Question 2

What three approaches exist to distinguish the most important features?

Question 3

Describe Eysenck's model.

Question 4

Describe Cattell's taxonomy.

Question 5

What are circumplex models of personality?

Question 6

Which five factors of personality are distinguished in the Big Five?

Question 7

Which sixth factor is distinguished in the HEXACO model?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Neuroticism and Extraversion.

Question 2

D. The “act-frequency” method (Act nomination, proto. Judg., Rec or act perf).

Question 3

B. The theoretical approach.

Question 4

C. Correlate negatively.

Question 5

B. The lexical hypothesis.

Question 6

C. Orthogonality.

Question 7

C. Psychoticism.

Answer indication open questions

Question 1

The first approach states that traits are inner traits that cause behavior. So pulling causes external behavior. The second approach states that traits are descriptive summaries of external behavior. This approach does not assume that pulling causes behavior.

Question 2

The lexical approach sees all important features as caught in the language. This approach uses synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality as criteria to distinguish important features. The statistical approach uses statistical procedures such as factor analysis to distinguish clusters from related traits. The theoretical approach uses existing personality theories to determine which traits are important.

Question 3

Eysenck developed a hierarchical model in which the features of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism are distinguished. These general traits include more specific traits such as activity level, mood and egocentricity. The taxonomy is based on factor analysis but has biological roots, such as a hereditary and physiological basis of the traits.

Question 4

Cattell's taxonomy consists of 16 personality traits, based on factor analysis. This taxonomy arose from the use of multiple types of data sources.

Question 5

Circumplex taxonomies focus on the domain of interpersonal traits. They are circular arrangements of traits around two dimensions - status (dominance) and love (kindness).

Question 6

Extraversion, kindness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and open-mindedness.

Question 7

In addition to the five factors of the Big Five, the HEXACO model distinguishes the factor Honesty-Humility. This factor includes sincerity, honesty, avoidance of greed and modesty.

What theories are there about measuring personality? - ExamTests 4 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What three assumptions do personality psychologists make with regard to personality?

Question 2

Why is personality psychology also called differential psychology?

Question 3

What is meant by situationism (Mischel)?

Question 4

Describe the phenomenon of person-situation interaction.

Question 5

Describe what situational selection entails.

Question 6

What is meant by faking by participants?

Question 7

What are Barnum statements?

Question 8

What is the problem with Jung's theory of the psychological types on which the MBTI is based?

MC questions

Question 1

How is the idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations in which people find themselves known?

1. Situational selection

2. Aggregation (averaging)

3. Manipulation (changing targeted behavior of others)

4. Evocation (create situation; generate reaction from others)

Question 2

What, according to Mischel (1968), was the most important thing in determining behavior?

1. Intellectual capabilities

2. Situations

3. Attitudes

4. Properties

Question 3

The idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations people find themselves in is known as:

1. Aggregation (averaging)

2. Situational selection

3. Evocation (create situation; generate reaction from others)

4. Manipulation (changing targeted behavior of others)

Question 4

The point of view of the person-situation interaction implies that when we observe a certain behavior:

1. both the relevant personality trait and the appropriate situation will be available

2. this observation is possible because situations cause personality traits

3. the behavior will remain consistent across situations

4. we can attribute that behavior almost entirely to personality

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

There are meaningful individual differences in personality. The personality is stable over time. The personality is consistent in different situations.

Question 2

Personality psychology deals with differences between people. Differential psychology studies not only individual differences in personality, but also ability, fitness and intelligence.

Question 3

If behavior differs per situation, behavior is not determined by underlying traits, but by situational differences.

Question 4

Behavior is a function of the interaction between character traits and situational influences.

Question 5

A form of interactionism, the tendency to choose situations in which one can be oneself.

Question 6

The deliberate bias of answers to a questionnaire.

Question 7

Generalities, statements that could apply to everyone. For example, "You sometimes doubt whether you did the right thing" or "You want others to like you."

Question 8

People cannot be divided into types that are, for example, completely introverted or completely extroverted. Character traits are normally distributed. Very few personal characteristics follow a bimodal distribution.

Answer indication MC questions

1. A

2. B

3. B

4. A

Does personality develop during different phases of life? - ExamTests 5 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Name three forms of personality stability.

Question 2

Which traits of the Big Five change over time and in which direction (increase or decrease)?

Question 3

What other properties change over time and in which direction?

Question 4

To which characteristics do changes apply, specifically in women?

Question 5

What did Twenge's (2001) study show about cohort effects related to change in assertiveness and dominance in women?

Question 6

What Traits Predict Bad Marriage and Divorce?

Question 7

What is the effect of work experience on personality?

MC questions

Question 1

Freud's theory of psychosexual stages (oral, anal, etc.) exemplifies personality change at the level of analysis of:

1. Group differences

2. The population

3. Individual uniqueness

4. Individual differences

Question 2

Self-efficacy is defined as

1. The belief that one can do the necessary to achieve desired results

2. Making attributions that are unstable, temporary and global

3. The expectation that there will be many positive events, and few negative ones

4. Having a higher self-esteem than average

Question 3

For which of the following terms does balance historically count as a central feature?

1. Character

2. Temperament

3. Personality

4. Answer A and B are both correct

Question 4

The trait “competence” appears in women

1. Decrease with age

2. Increase with age

3. Stay the same with aging

4. To increase when they are married, but to decrease when they are unmarried

Question 5

When is personality least stable?

1. In early childhood

2. In later youth

3. In the adolescence period

4. In the adult period

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

1. Ranking stability

2. Average level stability

3. Personality coherence

Question 2

Neuroticism diminishes with time; kindness and conscientiousness increase with time.

Question 3

Self-esteem increases; impulsivity decreases; sensation seeking decreases after a peak in adolescence.

Question 4

In women, femininity appears to be declining around age 40-50. This is probably related to menopause. Autonomy, independence and competence, in particular, seem to increase with women as they age.

Question 5

Assertiveness was high after 1930, when women were extremely independent. Then, in the 1950s / 60s, women became mainly housewives. From 1967 to 1993 assertiveness increased again due to changes in social roles and more women in the workplace.

Question 6

High levels of neuroticism in both sexes and impulsivity in men.

Question 7

People successful at work become happier, more confident and less anxious over time.

Answer indication MC questions

1. B

2. A

3. B

4. B

5. C

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