Examtests with the 1st edition of Psychological diagnostics in health care by Luteijn & Barelds

How does the diagnostic process proceed? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions

Question 1

What is a Diagnostic Process?

1. A non-scientifically regulated thinking and doing process that leads to responsible statements about the client's behavior or a problem.

2. A scientifically regulated thought process that leads to responsible statements about the client's behavior or a problem.

3. A scientifically regulated thinking and doing process that leads to responsible statements about the behavior or a problem of the client.

4. A scientifically regulated doing process that leads to responsible statements about the client's behavior or a problem.

Question 2

Which statement is correct?

1. Only the referrer's request is important

2. Only the client's request for help is important

3. Both the referrer's request and the client's request for help are important

Open questions

Question 1

What are the five basic questions within clinical psychodiagnostics?

Question 2

Which phases do you go through within the diagnostic cycle?

Question 3

What steps does the diagnostic examination consist of?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

C.

Question 2

C. Both the referrer's request and the client's request for help are important.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Recognition, explanation, prediction, indication, evaluation.

Question 2

The diagnostic cycle has the following phases: observation, induction, deduction, testing and evaluation.

Question 3

The diagnostic examination consists of six steps: (1) hypothesis formation; (2) choice of research resources; (3) formulation of testable predictions; (4) administration and scoring of the tests; (5) argumentation with a summary of the results of the research; and (6) report.

How do we measure the quality of diagnostics? - ExamTests 2

Open questions

Question 1

Which three frames of reference are there within psychodiagnostics?

Question 2

What does Thurstone's simple-structure idea entail?

Question 3

There are 7 criteria by which tests are assessed according to the APA. Give 3 of these criteria.

Question 4

What is the difference between a clinically and statistically oriented diagnostician?

Question 5

There are four different points in the information processing process where biases, also known as heuristics, can occur. As an example in the acquisition of information, namely the availability heuristic. Name the other three points where bias can occur.

Question 6

In psychological diagnostics there are ethical rules that members must adhere to. Name three examples of ethical rules.

Question 7

What are the three most important points for test fairness?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The three frames of reference are: (1) individual differences; (2) development; and (3) context.

Question 2

The simple-structure idea of ​​Thurstone means that all variables that are measured are independent of each other, so that you measure different things and not two things that show a lot of overlap. This can be showed by using a factor analysis.

Question 3

List three of the points below:

• Principles of the test construction;

• Quality of the test material;

• Quality of the manual;

• Quality of the standards;

• Quality of the reliability data;

• Concept validity

• Criterion validity.

Question 4

A clinically oriented statistician tries to learn more about him or her through dialogues with the client. The clinical diagnostician also makes extensive use of his or her own experience and intuition to arrive at a diagnosis. The statistical diagnostician is much more concerned with formulation and tests and with comparing the client to a norm group to arrive at a diagnosis.

Question 5

• During processing;

• When assessing the outcome of the information;

• When dealing with feedback: no prospects.

Question 6

Name 3 of the points below:

• no discrimination;

• not abuse based on your power;

• only a professional relationship is allowed;

• do not use substances that affect the client's well-being;

• confidentiality;

• keep the file for at least one year and keep it inaccessible to unauthorized persons;

• the client can always decide on entering into and ending a professional relationship.

Question 7

The most important thing about test fairness is that there is no bias or bias. Second, there must be equal treatment of people in the testing process. Finally, it must be prevented that a tested self is unfair or presents itself differently.

Which three frames of reference are there within psychodiagnostics?

How do conversations in diagnostics work? - ExamTests 3

Open questions

Question 1

Which two goals are central in an intake interview?

Question 2

What does it mean if a heteroamnesis is done?

Question 3

Name the pros and cons of a structured interview.

Question 4

Obstacles during an intake interview can occur with the moderator, the client and in the interaction between client and moderator. Give an example of an obstacle for each of the three domains.

Question 5

What other types of interviews can take place in the intake interview?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The main purpose of an intake interview is information gathering, especially information that answers the referral question. Another important goal is a relational goal, which means building a good working relationship.

Question 2

In heteroamnesis, close friends and relatives of the client are also involved in the process.

Question 3

Pros:

1. better to fix and higher reliability,
2. better estimate of the severity of the complaints,
3. reduction of information and criterion variance
4. greater inclusiveness being explored.

Cons:

1. purchase takes a lot of time and money
2. rescuer must be properly trained
3. relatively little attention to the motivation and context of the client.

Question 4

The obstacle for the moderator is not to broach an emotionally charged topic, because this is difficult to talk about. The obstacle for the client is that he can give short answers and has a slow pace. Some clients benefit from a special approach and need to feel comfortable first. Obstacles in the interaction are the wrong balance of information: the moderator knows a lot about the client, but this is not the case the other way around.

Question 5

In the intake interview you may still have to deal with a crisis interview and an advisory interview.

Which two goals are central in an intake interview?

How does behavioral observation work in clinical psychology? - ExamTests 4

MC-questions

Question 1

Which statement is correct?
Structured observation ...

1. Assumes observation of a number of behaviors that are not predetermined
2. Assumes observation of a number of behaviors that are determined in advance
3. Assumes observation of all behaviors that take place

Open questions

Question 1

What does the term “reactivity” mean?

Question 2

What is the difference between event sampling and time sampling?

Question 3

Which two heuristics in particular influence observation in a clinical context?

Question 4

What is Expressed Emotion (EE)?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Reactivity means that the client is likely to behave differently if he knows he is being observed.

Question 2

Time sampling means that behavior is observed at fixed times. This is chosen if one wants to get an impression of how variable someone's behavior is.

Event sampling means that it is only observed when the behavior occurs. So, if someone is interested in abdominal pain, event sampling only looks at when the child has abdominal pain. This is often chosen when one is interested in the content, quality and frequency of the behavior.

Question 3

1. Accessibility / availability bias = the immediate availability of certain memories.
2. First impression / halo effect = the tendency for people to stick to the first impression they have.

Question 4

Expressed Emotion is about the degree of criticism and the degree of emotional involvement in the attitude of a family member of a client.

Which statement is correct?
Structured observation ...

1. Assumes observation of a number of behaviors that are not predetermined
2. Assumes observation of a number of behaviors that are determined in advance
3. Assumes observation of all behaviors that take place

What are indirect methods in research? - ExamTests 5

Open questions

Question 1

There are five reasons why indirect methods add value to the diagnostic process. Give three reasons for this.

Question 2

In which categories can the indirect methods be divided?

Question 3

What are the two basic rules for a structured interpretation?

Question 4

Is this statement true or false? "Projective tests have good reliability and validity."

Question 5

Give an example of a projective test.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Projective tests have added value because: (1) they can provide information about processes that the client has no insight into; (2) they are less sensitive to social desirability because the purpose is not clear; (3) it may also allow for functional diagnostics; (4) they can help to map implicit processes; (5) they can increase validity when several different methods are used. The answer is correct if three of the above reasons are mentioned.

Question 2

All indirect methods can be classified in the following categories: finishing methods, expressive methods, association methods, choice or ordering methods, and construction methods.

Question 3

There are two basic rules from hermeneutics (interpretation):

1. A dialectic between the element to be interpreted on the one hand and the context of the element on the other,
2. Convergence and no divergence of meanings.

Question 4

False

Question 5

Examples of projective tests are the Rorschach test, the TAT or the Sentence completion test.

There are five reasons why indirect methods add value to the diagnostic process. Give three reasons for this.

How do we measure intelligence? - ExamTests 6

Open questions

Question 1

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? And what distinction is made in how it is measured?

Question 2

What is the Flynn Effect?

Question 3

What are the implications of the Flynn effect on intelligence testing?

Question 4

What is IQ a good predictor for?

Question 5

Three levels can be distinguished in the use of intelligence tests in neuropsychological questions. What are these levels?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The fluid IQ indicates the level of intelligence when someone is confronted with unsolved problems, the crystallized IQ indicates the mental functioning that is mainly created by school and experience. Crystallized intelligence is measured using verbal items and fluid intelligence using non-verbal items.

Question 2

The Flynn effect implies that in non-verbal intelligence tests, the mean score of the population increases an average of five IQ points every ten years.

Question 3

Intelligence test standards are quickly becoming obsolete and tests are becoming less reliable due to the overestimation of the intelligence level.

Question 4

School success and learning skills.

Question 5

1. Level of test performance (the current level);
2. Level of disorder inventory, using the intelligence test as a neuropsychological test to see if there is deterioration in specific areas;
3. Medical causes for the behavioral problems.

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? And what distinction is made in how it is measured?

What are questions and methods in neuropsychology? - ExamTests 7

Open questions

Question 1

What is localizationism? And what does holism mean?

Question 2

What is the contemporary view of localizationism and holism?

Question 3

What three major misunderstandings often arise with regard to the neuropsychological examination?

Question 4

What three types of questions are there within neuropsychological diagnostics?

Question 5

In which four categories can current neuropsychological measuring instruments be classified?

Question 6

In which four areas are there problems with the interpretation of an NPO?

Question 7

Explain the concepts of sensitivity and specificity.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Localizationism means that disorders in a specific brain area lead to specific behavioral changes.

Holism emphasizes general behavioral consequences as a result of disorders in the brain as a whole and therefore not in specific brain areas.

Question 2

Today it is widely believed that brain dysfunctions have both selective (localization) and more general consequences.

Question 3

1. Neuropsychological is not multidisciplinary. This is not correct: neuropsychological research is not only concerned with the cognitive and intellectual functioning of a person, but also with emotional and social factors, personality and daily functioning.
2. The answer (the explanation question) is a medical diagnosis or a localization.
3. The neuropsychologist must limit himself to the question as formulated by the client.

Question 4

1. What is the patient's cognitive profile? So: what disorders are there in behavior, cognition and emotion?
2. What is the relationship between behavior and brain damage in cases where the damage has already been demonstrated?
3. What is the relationship between behavior and brain damage in cases where the damage has not yet been demonstrated?

Question 5

1. General level and screening tests;
2. Specific tests for cognitive functioning, divided into functional domains;
3. Tests for emotional functioning, personality and attitudes;
4. Clinimetric Methods.

Question 6

The test conditions, the pre-morbid functioning, the multi-conditionality and the relationship between sensitivity and specificity.

Question 7

Sensitivity indicates how often an unfavorable test score (that is, a score below a certain cut-off value) occurs in persons with a diagnosis. In other words, people diagnosed in real life are not classified according to any particular test.

Specificity means how often a favorable test score (ie, a score above a certain cut-off value) occurs in people without a diagnosis. These are therefore "healthy" people who do have a diagnosis according to the test.

What is localizationism? And what does holism mean?

What are personality questionnaires? - ExamTests 8

Open questions

Question 1

How can personality be defined best?

Question 2

Which five steps are taken when developing a personality questionnaire?

Question 3

In what three ways can items be grouped?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Personality can be defined as the more or less stable traits of someone that remain the same across different situations.

Question 2

1. Formulating the construct: specifying which personality traits you want to measure;
2. Develop items that match the purpose of the questionnaire;
3. Check items to see if they meet the criteria;
4. Bundle items into scales;
5. Investigate reliability and validity.

Question 3

Graders merge items that they believe measure the same attribute. This is called the a priori or rational method.

The internal consistency method means that items are combined into scales on the basis of an empirically found structure or coherence.

The empirical method means that items that discriminate well (distinguish) between test groups are combined into a scale.

How can personality be defined best?

How are questionnaires used to measure problems? - ExamTests 9

Open questions

Question 1

When are general psychopathology questionnaires used? And when are specific tests used?

Question 2

Which three types of complaints belong to the term distress complaints?

Question 3

On which three theories is the Dutch Questionnaire for Eating Behavior based?

Question 4

For which three diagnostic questions are general questionnaires mainly used? Choose from: recognition questions, explanation questions, prediction questions, indication questions and evaluation questions.

Question 5

For which diagnostic questions are specific questionnaires mainly used? Choose from: recognition questions, explanation questions, prediction questions, indication questions and evaluation questions.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

General psychopathology questionnaires are used in mental health care to obtain a general picture of the psychological functioning of a person. Based on the scores for such tests, it can be decided to use specific tests.

Question 2

The complaints that belong to distress complaints are depressive complaints, anxiety complaints and somatic complaints.

Question 3

The psychosomatic theory, externality theory and the theory of line-directed behavior.

Question 4

The general questionnaires are especially useful in answering prediction questions, indication questions and evaluation questions.

Question 5

Specific questionnaires can be used for recognition questions, explanation questions, prediction questions, indication questions and evaluation questions.

When are general psychopathology questionnaires used? And when are specific tests used?

What are Clinical Computer Diagnostics? - ExamTests 10

Open questions

Question 1

There are eight benefits of computer diagnostics. Name four of these.

Question 2

There are five disadvantages of computer diagnostics mentioned in the book. Name three of these.

Question 3

What do we mean by the equivalence of computer tests and paper-and-pencil tests?

Question 4

What is the difference between linear and adaptive testing?

Question 5

What is a disadvantage of online testing?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Four of the following advantages:

1. Test scoring is more reliable;
2. Calculating test scores is more reliable;
3. It can save a lot of time;
4. Scores can be directly compared with norm tables;
5. Sometimes a system can immediately draw up an entire report;
6. Clients respond more honestly;
7. Use can be made of audiovisual techniques;
8. There is the option of adaptive testing.

Question 2

The disadvantages of computer diagnostics are: (1) the presentation is different: only a limited number of items are offered; (2) participants more quickly choose the answer option that comes directly into the picture; (3) a report can ignore scores on individual items while these are useful and interesting for a psychologist; (4) the interpretation of scores is not always evidence-based; (5) The safety of tests and test scores can be compromised. Cite at least three of the above disadvantages.

Question 3

The equivalence of computer tests and paper-and-pencil tests means that paper-and-pencil tests are often copied to the computer without further investigation.

Question 4

Linear testing is when each subject is presented with the same number of items in the same way, in the same order. In adaptive testing, the difficulty is adjusted to the level of the client.

Question 5

The tests that are offered online are often not empirically substantiated, not reliable, not valid and not standardized. This is undesirable because "ordinary people" sometimes use these tests for self-diagnosis!

There are eight benefits of computer diagnostics. Name four of these.

What are the ethical aspects of diagnostics and how does reporting work? - ExamTests 11

Open questions

Question 1

What are the four main principles of professional ethics drawn up by the NIP?

Question 2

Which three domains belong to the expertise of the psychologist, according to the NIP?

Question 3

What is confidentiality?

Question 4

Is this statement true or false?
"The client is entitled to all information during the PO (psychodiagnostic examination)."

Question 5

Is this statement true or false?

"In some cases, the client may be forced to participate in a PO, such as in court cases."

Question 6

In which three ways can the research report be structured?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Responsibility, integrity, respect and expertise.

Question 2

The theoretical knowledge and skills of the psychologist;
That a psychologist knows his own limits and limitations;
The correct course of a psychodiagnostic examination.

Question 3

Confidentiality has to do with the confidential treatment of all information known to the psychologist. The client and the psychologist must have made agreements with each other prior to the psychodiagnostic examination. The client must give his or her consent for information about him or her to be passed on to third parties. Confidentiality also has to do with a client's file.

Question 4

True.

Question 5

False.

Question 6

1. Around the client;
2. Around the diagnostic methods;
3. Around the research question / hypotheses.

What are the four main principles of professional ethics drawn up by the NIP?

What are Dynamic Personality Diagnostics? - ExamTests 12

Open questions

Question 1

What is the difference between descriptive and structural psychodiagnostics?

Question 2

What does 'the rich get richer' mean?

Question 3

Which three levels of personality organization (PO) did Kernberg distinguish?

Question 4

Because there are different scales of the NVM to which meaning is assigned, there are also several forms of validity, including congruent validity and construct validity. What do these two forms of validity mean?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Descriptive diagnostics can be described as mapping disorders and complaints. Structural diagnostics looks at the mechanisms that underlie these complaints, such as carrying capacity, integrative capabilities and dynamics.

Question 2

This means that patients with a high functioning level respond better to treatment than patients with low functioning.

Question 3

A neurotic personality organization (NP), a borderline personality organization (BPO), and a psychotic personality organization (PPO).

Question 4

Congruent validity is the empirical-statistical relationship of a construct (eg shyness) with other constructs.

In construct validity, the main focus is on theory.

What is the difference between descriptive and structural psychodiagnostics?

How does a diagnostic decision-making process proceed? - ExamTests 13

Open questions

Question 1

What are the two main stages of a diagnostic examination?

Question 2

What is an example of a diagnostic recognizing question?

Question 3

Is this statement true or false?

"When the results confirm the predefined hypotheses, it means that we take the hypotheses as a possible explanation."

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The first phase of the diagnostic examination is an open information collection with the aim of formulating the client's problems as hypotheses. Literature research and the introductory meeting are of great importance here. The second phase is testing the hypotheses to determine whether the hypotheses should be kept or rejected.

Question 2

An example of a recognizing question is: What problems are there?

Question 3

True.

What are the two main stages of a diagnostic examination?

How does the diagnostic process in dementia proceed? - ExamTests 14

Open questions

Question 1

What kind of tests must be done to diagnose dementia?

Question 2

Is this statement true or false?

"The symptoms deteriorate in most individuals with dementia."

Question 3

What is the risk of dementia for the general population?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Neuropsychological Examination.

Question 2

True.

Question 3

The probability is 1%.

What kind of tests must be done to diagnose dementia?

How does the forensic psychodiagnostic examination proceed? - ExamTests 15

Open questions

Question 1

Name two differences between the clinical diagnostician compared to the forensic diagnostician.

Question 2

What is meant by post-diction?

Question 3

What are two reasons why it is difficult for the forensic diagnostician to determine whether someone has a mental disorder?

Question 4

What are the requirements for measuring instruments within forensic psychodiagnostics?

Question 5

What are the degrees of accountability?

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The client does not voluntarily participate in the examination and the well-being of the client is not central to the forensic diagnostician. Also, the forensic diagnostician has stricter rules and a separate professional code.

Question 2

This means that the forensic diagnostician can only determine after a crime has been committed whether there is a psychological disorder during the commission of the crime.

Question 3

Reasons why it is difficult are:

• Determining this can only be done after the crime has taken place.
• The client is forced to participate in the study and is therefore not motivated.
• There are often personality disorders that prevent the client from presenting a realistic picture.

Question 4

• A multimethodic test instrumentation.
• Not just self-reporting.
• Using collateral information.
• Using specific measuring instruments.

Question 5

1. Accountable;
2. Somewhat diminished accountability;
3. Reduced accountability;
4. Greatly reduced accountability;
5. Insanity.

Name two differences between the clinical diagnostician compared to the forensic diagnostician.