Examtests with Introduction to Health Psychology by Morrison and Bennett - 4th edition

What is health? - ExamTests 1

Questions with chapter 1

Question 1

According to the World Health Organisation (2002), which of the following is not in the top five killer diseases?

1. Heart disease

2. Cirrhosis of the liver

3. Lung cancer

4. HIV infection

Question 2

A key element of the biomedical model of illness is that:

1. There is a direct causal relationship between illness, its symptoms or underlying pathology.

2. There is a pathogenic process in all diseases.

3. Removal of pathogens will lead to restored health.

4. All of the above.

Question 3

According to Peto and Lopez (1990), what percentage of deaths due to cancer may be attributable, in part, to our behaviour?

1. 18 percent

2. 50 percent

3. 75 percent

4. 45 percent

Question 4

According to Katbamna, Bhakta & Parker (2000), Hindus and Sikhs frequently consider disability to be:

1. An accident of God

2. Punishment for sins an individual has committed in their past life

3. Punishment for past sins within the family

4. A result of genetic factors

Question 5

Bowling and Iliffe (2006) describe 5 'models' of successful ageing. Which one is not one of their models?

1. Broader biochemical model

2. They are all models identified by Bowling and Iliffe

3. Psychological resources model

4. Social functioning model

Question 6

Blaxter (1990) found that whilst people thought of health in different ways, ______ of those surveyed could not think of anyone that they would consider as being 'very healthy'.

1. 45%

2. 5%

3. 30%

4. 15%

Question 7

The root word from which the word 'health' is derived is:

1. Wholeness

2. Heal

3. Happiness

4. Holistic

Question 8

The biopsychosocial model of health:

1. Parallels the medical model

2. Denies the role of physical causes of illness

3. Broadens the medical model

4. Challenges the medical model

Question 9

Why may Bauman's taxonomy of health be inaccurate?

1. The sample she used only included young adults.

2. The sample she used were diagnosed with serious illness.

3. The sample she used was very small.

4. All of the above.

Question 10

According to Hippocrates, the 'humours' impacted on health status in what way?

1. They were linked to personality.

2. They were affected by seasonal change.

3. They were affected by dietary factors.

4. All of the above.

Question 11

Marks (2002) suggested that four approaches to health psychology are developing in parallel. Which of the following is not one of these approaches?

1. Interventionist health psychology

2. Community health psychology

3. Public health psychology

4. Clinical health psychology

Question 12

According to Bibace and Walsh (1980), which of the following is not a characteristic of children's thinking about health in the concrete operational stage?

1. Internalisation

2. Contagion

3. Contamination

4. They are all characteristic of children's thinking about health in the concrete operational stage

Question 13

Chinese adults view health as a balance between:

1. Ying and Yang

2. Ying and Yan

3. Yin and Yan

4. Yin and Yang

Question 14

There has been a marked increase in life expectancy. However, the 'top ten' causes of mortality in the industrialized world now includes many diseases that:

1. have no vaccination programmes

2. have a behavioural component

3. are attributable to poor living conditions

4. are infectious

Question 15

Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to cross-cultural perspectives on health?

1. Western culture is individualistic.

2. Western cultures can be described as 'naturalised'.

3. A holistic view of health is more prevalent in non-westernised cultures.

4. Culture impacts on lay theories, attitudes, and behaviour in regard to health.

Answers with chapter 1

Question 1

B. Cirrhosis of the liver

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

C. 75 percent

Question 4

C. Punishment for past sins within the family

Question 5

B. They are all models identified by Bowling and Iliffe

Question 6

D. 5%

Question 7

A. Wholeness

Question 8

C. Broadens the medical model

Question 9

B. The sample she used were diagnosed with serious illness

Question 10

D. All of the above

Question 11

A. Interventionist health psychology

Question 12

B. Contagion

Question 13

D. Yin and Yang

Question 14

B. Have a behavioural component

Question 15

B. Western cultures can be described as 'naturalised'

How do cultural and social backgrounds influence health? - ExamTests 2

Questions with chapter 2

Question 1

According to research reported by Ferrie et al. (2001), unemployment impacts on health as a result of:

1. Boredom leading to poor health behaviours

2. Lowered self-esteem

3. The stress associated with financial insecurity

4. All of the above

Question 2

What is the relative risk of a woman dying prematurely of coronary heart disease in comparison to a man in the USA?

1. They have the same risk

2. A quarter

3. About half

4. Nearly double

Question 3

According to Forwell (1993), as the gap between the rich and poor increases, the overall health of the population:

1. Deteriorates

2. Improves as a result of improved health in the middle classes

3. Is unchanged

4. None of the above

Question 4

According to research by Scheffler et al. (2008), the influence of social capital on risk for an acute coronary event is limited to:

1. Middle class individuals

2. People who have no social support

3. People who live in low income areas

4. People who do not engage in unhealthy behaviours

Question 5

Which of the following is not included in Karasek and Theorell's (1990) model of job strain?

1. Demands

2. Job autonomy

3. Social support

4. Effort-rewards imbalance

Question 6

According to Wood et al. (2010), which of the following did not form a significant factor in their choice of family food?

1. The cost

2. Its healthiness

3. Whether it was 'filling'

4. All of the above

Question 7

According to the Scottish Executive (1999), the percentage of people receiving surgical treatment (coronary artery bypass grafts) in different social groups were

1. Higher among people from the lower socio-economic groups - but not as high as the disease rate would require

2. Higher among men but not women in the higher social groups

3. Higher among people from the higher socio-economic groups

4. the same across all social groups

Question 8

What factors contribute to the differences between health differentials between countries?

1. Population

2. Geography

3. Climate

4. Economics, environmental and social factors

Question 9

Recent evidence suggests the role of stress hormones in the development of coronary heart disease. But why do men and women differ in the amount of stress hormones they experience in response to stress

1. The protective benefits of female sex hormones

2. The result of men experiencing more stressful experiences and experience more challenge

3. Fundamental physiological differences between men and women

4. They do not differ in their response

Question 10

Which gender is most influenced by adverse socio-economic factors?

1. Women, because they are vulnerable to disrupted social networks and poor pay

2. Men, because they have to work more overtime to reduce the economic burden

3. Men, because they have poor social support

4. Both women and men equally

Question 11

According to Siegrist, work-related stress is a function of

1. An imbalance between perceived effort and rewards

2. The demands of working in different occupational environments

3. Significant demands both at work and at home

4. The demands and coping abilities of individual workers

Question 12

The Social Drift model suggests that

1. Health problems contribute to low socio-economic status (SES)

2. Low SES causes health problems

3. Low SES is associated with health problems

4. SES is not associated with health

Question 13

According to Clarke and colleagues, blood pressure is particularly high amongst black American adolescents who experience __________.

1. Poverty

2. Racism

3. Racism and are unable to 'accept it'

4. Unemployment

Question 14

Key determinants of health differences between people from ethnic minorities and the majority population are

1. The stress associated with racial discrimination and/or integration within wider society

2. The differences in access to health care

3. The association between minority status and low SES

4. All of the above

Question 15

According to research by Lundberg et al. (1981), stress hormones of men and women did what when they came home from work?

1. Stress hormones levels reduces in both groups

2. Stress hormones levels rose, but only in men and women with large families

3. Both group's stress hormones levels remained unchanged

4. Men's stress hormone levels fell, while women's continued at the same level as at work

Answers with chapter 2

Question 1

C. The stress associated with financial insecurity

Question 2

C. About half

Question 3

A. Deteriorates

Question 4

C. Middle class individuals

Question 5

D. Effort-rewards imbalance

Question 6

B. Its healthiness

Question 7

A. Higher among people from the lower socio-economic groups - but not as high as the disease rate would require

Question 8

D. Economics, environmental and social factors

Question 9

B. The result of men experiencing more stressful experiences and experience more challenge

Question 10

A. Women, because they are vulnerable to disrupted social networks and poor pay

Question 11

A. An imbalance between perceived effort and rewards

Question 12

A. Health problems contribute to low socio-economic status (SES)

Question 13

C. Racism and are unable to 'accept it'

Question 14

D. All of the above

Question 15

D. Men's stress hormone levels fell, while women's continued at the same level as at work

What are the health-risk behaviors? - ExamTests 3

Questions with chapter 3

Question 1

BMI stands for

1. Body Mass Indices

2. Body Mass Index

3. Biological Mean Index

4. None of the above

Question 2

Evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of Vitamin D might reduce the prevalence of what health problems?

1. Autoimmune disease

2. Cardiovascular disease

3. Prostate cancer

4. All of the above

Question 3

The British Medical Association implicates what psychosocial problems most commonly with obesity?

1. Depression and low self-esteem

2. Low self-esteem and social isolation

3. Social isolation and anxiety

4. Anxiety and depression

Question 4

Bryan et al and other research undertaken suggests that female sexual partners face additional barriers to using condoms, than those reported by males. Which of the following was not highlighted?

1. Reluctance to reduce their own pleasure

2. Difficulty/embarrassment in raising the issue

3. Anticipated male rejection

4. Lack of knowledge

Question 5

Matarazzo provided a definition of health behaviour, what term did he give health-risk behaviours?

1. A bevioural immunogen

2. A behvioural immuniser

3. A behavioural pathogen

4. A health behavioural protector

Question 6

The World Health Organisation identified ten leading risk factors for disease across the world. These included:

1. Obesity

2. Being underweight

3. Unprotected sexual intercourse

4. All of the above

Question 7

Are reductions in fat intake more effective in helping people lose weight than general calorific control?

1. Yes

2. No, they are equally effective

3. No, they are less effective

4. Reductions in fat intake have no impact on weight

Question 8

People engage in health behaviours for what reasons?

1. To maintain their health

2. To look good

3. To maintain or gain social attracts

4. All of the above

Question 9

Serotonin not only appears to mediate mood, it is also responsible for:

1. Feelings of high self-efficacy

2. Low levels of activity

3. Feelings of satiety

4. Cravings for specific foods

Question 10

According to the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle, who are the most likely people to use condoms?

1. Young Christian men

2. Adults with a recent 'new' partner

3. Young people with a recent 'new' partner

4. Young people with a regular partner

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a key behavioural factor associated with health and longevity as part of the ‘Alameda seven’

1. Not eating between meals

2. Sleeping 7-8 hours per night

3. Eating breakfast

4. Daily sunscreen use

Question 12

Obtaining valid measures of health behaviour can be problematic because:

1. It often relies on the memory of the individual

2. Asking people to record their behaviour could also lead them to alter their behaviour

3. It relies on self-report

4. All of the above

Question 13

According to Doll et al. (2004), smoking cessation at age 30 leads to approximately __ life years gained.

1. 5

2. 7.5

3. 10

4. 12.5

Question 14

Obesity is a major risk factor for which of the following conditions?

1. Osteoarthritis

2. Glaucoma

3. Rheumatoid arthritis

4. Type 1 diabetes

Question 15

What is the world's favourite psychoactive substance?

1. Alcohol

2. Caffeine

3. Marijuana

4. Nicotine

Answers with chapter 3

Question 1

B. Body Mass Index

Question 2

D. All of the above

Question 3

B. Low self-esteem and social isolation

Question 4

A. Reluctance to reduce their own pleasure

Question 5

C. A behavioural pathogen

Question 6

D. All of the above

Question 7

B. No, they are equally effective

Question 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

C. Feelings of satiety

Question 10

C. Young people with a recent 'new' partner

Question 11

D. Daily sunscreen use

Question 12

D. All of the above

Question 13

C. 10

Question 14

A. Osteoarthritis

Question 15

B. Caffeine

What does health protective behavior entail? - ExamTests 4

Questions with chapter 4

Question 1

An intervention designed to increase the fruit and vegetable consumption of young people (Lowe et al. 2004) used exposure, modelling and reinforcement. Which psychological paradigm did they draw from?

1. Cognitive-behavioural therapy

2. Psychoanalysis

3. Learning theory

4. Behaviour modification

Question 2

What was the outcome of the trial using vitamins C and E supplements for their potential in halting cognitive decline (Grodstein et al. 2003)?

1. There was no significant improvement in verbal fluency and short-term memory when vitamin C and E supplements were taken

2. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when vitamin C supplements only were taken.

3. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when both vitamin C and E supplements were taken in conjunction.

4. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when vitamin E supplements only were taken.

Question 3

Which of the following chemicals are not implicated in the psychological benefits of exercise?

1. Adrenaline

2. Serotonin

3. Natural opiates

4. Noradrenaline

Question 4

Making a decision on the perceived pros and cons of genetic testing is sometimes referred to as

1. Utility maximation

2. Utility minimisation

3. Utility moderation

4. Utility maximisation

Question 5

A small amount of _______ is introduced into the body during immunisation

1. Toxin

2. Pathogen

3. Antagonist

4. Antigen

Question 6

Individuals with the early signs of bone disease will benefit from what type of exercise?

1. Increased weight bearing

2. Body and muscle building

3. Aerobic

4. Non-weight bearing

Question 7

How much longer did the individuals who exercised at an equivalent of running twenty miles a week live according to Paffenbarger et al. (1986)?

1. 6 months

2. 1 year

3. 2 years

4. 5 years

Question 8

What dimensions of non-adherence to medication were identified by Sabaté (2003)?

1. Condition-related factors

2. Socioeconomic factors

3. System-related factors

4. All of the above

Question 9

Not all behaviour has a negative effect on our health and indeed can protect against illness. Which of the following describes that particular type of behaviour?

1. Behavioural immunogens

2. Behavioural antigens

3. Behavioural immune response

4. Behavioural immunostimulators

Question 10

Exercise has been found to reduce an individual's risk of developing certain diseases. Which one of the following has it not been linked to?

1. Lung cancer

2. Type II diabetes

3. Obesity

4. Cardiovascular disease

Question 11

According to Bennett and Smith (1992), what are the key influences on parental decisions about child vaccination?

1. Anxiety about the risks of vaccination and availability

2. Anxiety about risks and perceived benefits of vaccination

3. Potential side-effects and timing of vaccination

4. All of the above

Question 12

In a recent large scale review and meta-analysis on fruit and vegetable consumption, Wang et al. (2014), reported…

1. Reduced all-cause mortality

2. Limited evidence of benefits for cancer risk

3. Lower cardiovascular disease risk

4. All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following has been found to be associated with the uptake of screening and self-examination?

1. Age

2. Education

3. Self-efficacy

4. All of the above

Question 14

Screening for disease detection is

1. Primary prevention

2. Based on the medical model

3. Based on the principal of susceptibility

4. All of the above

Question 15

Primary prevention can provide personal _________ related to potential morbidity, which can be utilized to suggest placing preventative measures in place.

1. Risk potential

2. Risk rate

3. Risk score

4. Risk assessment

Answers with chapter 4

Question 1

C. Learning theory

Question 2

C. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when both vitamin C and E supplements were taken in conjunction.

Question 3

B. Serotonin

Question 4

D. Utility maximisation

Question 5

D. Antigen

Question 6

A. Increased weight bearing

Question 7

C. 2 years

Question 8

D. All of the above

Question 9

A. Behavioural immunogens

Question 10

A. Lung cancer

Question 11

B. Anxiety about risks and perceived benefits of vaccination

Question 12

D. All of the above

Question 13

D. All of the above

Question 14

B. Based on the medical model

Question 15

C. Risk score

How can health behavior be explained? - ExamTests 5

Questions with chapter 5

Question 1

Which of the following is not a criticism of the health belief model?

1. It underestimates the role of social influence

2. It does not consider how the various elements interact to predict behaviour

3. It overestimates the role of threat

4. It overlooks the role of disease severity

Question 2

How can we best assess the utility of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour in predicting behaviour?

1. By employing longitudinal, prospective studies

2. By employing longitudinal, retrospective studies

3. By employing cross-sectional studies

4. By employing qualitative research methods

Question 3

Which of the following is associated with unrealistic optimism?

1. The belief the problem will not develop

2. Lack of personal experience with an issue

3. The belief the problem is rare

4. All of the above

Question 4

The volition phase of HAPA incorporates which Gollwitzer and Oettingen (2000) concept?

1. Implementation intentions

2. Contemplation stage

3. Preparation stage

4. Goal intentions

Question 5

Which of the following is not in Eysenck's (1970, 1991) three-factor model of personality?

1. Psychoticism

2. Extroversion

3. Conscientiousness

4. Neuroticism

Question 6

Attitudes consist of three related parts. What are they?

1. Influence, emotion and perception

2. Cognition, influence and emotion

3. Cognition, emotion and behaviour

4. Emotion, behaviour and influence

Question 7

Which addition to the theory of reasoned action (included in the theory of planned behaviour) independently predicts health behaviour?

1. Attitude

2. Subjective norm

3. Behaviour intention

4. Perceived behavioural control

Question 8

Which of the following is not a stage of change identified in the transtheoretical model?

1. Contemplation

2. Maintenance

3. Action

4. Disengagement

Question 9

Schwarzer's (1992) health action process approach model (HAPA) attempts to fill the 'intention-behaviour gap' by

1. Highlighting the role of self-efficacy

2. Highlighting the role of action plans

3. Highlighting the role of both self-efficacy and action plans

4. None of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is not a key predictor of behaviour in the health action process approach?

1. Perceptions of risk

2. Outcome expectancies

3. Self-efficacy

4. They are all important predictors of behaviour

Question 11

Wallston et al. (1978) has described three dimensions of (multi-dimensional) health locus of control. These are

1. Powerful others, internal and self-efficacy

2. Internal, self-efficacy and external

3. Internal, external and powerful others

4. External, powerful others and self-efficacy

Question 12

Which of the following is not a distal influence on health?

1. Socio-economic status

2. Gender

3. Attitude

4. Personality

Question 13

What is crucial during the action stage of the transtheoretical model?

1. The availability of social support

2. Realistic goal setting

3. Optimism

4. Information seeking

Question 14

In the context of health, unrealistic optimism is a form of

1. A positive attitude to risk

2. Biased risk perception

3. Post hoc reassurance following risky behaviour

4. None of the above

Question 15

How do goal and implementation intentions differ?

1. They do not. They are the same thing but named by different researchers

2. Only goals are based on individual attitudes and social norms

3. Only implementation intentions include an attitudinal dimension

4. Implementation intentions involve planning, goals involve desired outcomes (motivation)

Answers with chapter 5

Question 1

D. It overlooks the role of disease severity

Question 2

A. By employing longitudinal, prospective studies

Question 3

D. All of the above

Question 4

A. Implementation intentions

Question 5

C. Conscientiousness

Question 6

C. Cognition, emotion and behaviour

Question 7

D. Perceived behavioural control

Question 8

D. Disengagement

Question 9

C. Highlighting the role of both self-efficacy and action plans

Question 10

A. Perceptions of risk

Question 11

C. Internal, external and powerful others

Question 12

C. Attitude

Question 13

B. Realistic goal setting

Question 14

B. Biased risk perception

Question 15

D. Implementation intentions involve planning, goals involve desired outcomes (motivation)

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