Examtests with Cognition: Exploring the Science of Mind by Reisberg - 7th edition

What is cognitive psychology? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions with chapter 1

Question 1

According to empirism, the basis of science is:

1. Observation
2. Repeatability
3. Testing
4. Thinking

Question 2

This person founded the first laboratory for psychological experiments and used introspection as a research method:

1. Edward Titchener
2. William James
3. Wilhelm Wundt
4. Herman von Ebbinghaus

Question 3

In Behaviorism the observation of ... is central:

1. Behaviors
2. Thoughts
3. Consciousness
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 4

What caused behaviorism to be rejected?:

1. There was too little progress.
2. It was not practically applicable to human functioning.
3. It was applied without proper substantiation on acquiring language.
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

The most important recent development that has influenced cognition psychology is the rise of the computer, because:

1. A computer is comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response that is regulated by an internal process that is observable.
2. A computer is similar to a human being, with a stimulus-response controlled by an external process that is not observable.
3. A computer is not comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response controlled by an internal process that is observable.
4. A computer is not comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response that is regulated by an external process that is not observable.

Question 6

The most important themes of cognition are:

1. Attention and data vs. concept-driven processes and representations
2. Implicit vs. explicit memory and the brain
3. Metacognition and embodiment
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

Gestalt psychologists generally see everything:

1. As a mix of individual elements.
2. As a sum of of individual elements.
3. As a whole.
4. As a composition.

Question 8

The two most important measures for measuring mental processes are:

1. Response times and accuracy measures
2. Response times and IQ
3. IQ and accuracy measures
4. Accuracy and association measures

Open questions with chapter 1

Question 1

What are conscious mental processes?

Question 2

What does introspection mean and what is the problem with introspection?

Question 3

Why did researchers focus on behaviorism instead of introspection?

Question 4

What is neuropsychology?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 1

Question 1

A. Observation.

Question 2

C. Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 3

A. Behaviors.

Question 4

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

A. A computer is comparable to a human being, with a stimulus-response that is regulated by an internal process that is observable

Question 6

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

C. As a whole.

Question 8

A. Response times and accuracy measures

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 1

Question 1

Thoughts, feelings, perceptions and memories.

Question 2

You 'look' inside to observe and record the content of your mental life. The problem is that with the help of introspection it is difficult to give objective reports. Also, since people are not always aware of all their mental processes, they can not report these processes.

Question 3

Instead of introspection, researchers wanted to focus on data that could be observed, such as behavior, stimuli, and a person's learning history.

Question 4

This studies the way in which brain dysfunction can affect performance.

What is the neural basis of cognition? - ExamTests 2

MC-questions with chapter 2

Question 1

Chemicals that transmit messages between neurons are called:

1. Axons
2. Synapses
3. Neurotransmitters
4. Dendrites

Open questions with chapter 2

Question 1

What is the Capgras syndrome?

Question 2

The brain can be divided into three parts, which parts are these and why are they important?

Question 3

Which structure in the cortex is important for (the transmission of) sensory information?

Question 4

To which system do the amygdala and the hippocampus belong to and what are these structures essential for?

Question 5

There are different research methods for different goals. What do you use a CT scan for and / or an MRI for?

Question 6

In which area is apraxia, agnosia, aphasia or neglect 'gained'?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 2

Question 1

D. Dendrites.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 2

Question 1

A remarkable disorder in which someone can recognize the people in his world, but is convinced that these people are not who they seem to be.

Question 2

• The hindbrain is located directly above the spinal cord and contains various structures that are essential for controlling important life functions (heartbeat, breathing, balance, posture and alertness). Most of the hindbrain, the cerebellum, has been held responsible for years for coordinating balance and exercise.

• The midbrain has different functions. It plays an important role in coordinating movement and is involved in processing auditory information and regulating pain experiences.

• For us, however, the most interesting part is the forebrain, especially the cerebral cortex. The wrinkles (convolutions) are part of the outer layer of the brain. The grooves between these wrinkles divide the brain into different parts. The largest groove is the longitudinal fissure, which separates the left hemisphere from the right hemisphere. Other grooves divide the cortex into four lobes: the front lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe.

Question 3

The thalamus.

Question 4

They are part of the limbic system and are essential for learning and memory.

Question 5

These scans tell something about the shape and size of the brain structures.

Question 6

In the association areas (75% of the cerebral cortex).

How does visual perception work? - ExamTests 3

MC-questions with chapter 3

Question 1

Conjunction search is about:

1. Searching for something with one characteristic.
2. Searching for something with more than one characteristic.
3. Searching for a new stimulus.
4. Searching for a connection.

Question 2

Mind wandering is the phenomenon that:

1. Someone can't remember what they were going to do.
2. Someone prefers wandering above thinking.
3. The attention on one task diminishes and instead attention is focused on another task.
4. Attention is focused on a very important task.

Open questions with chapter 3

Question 1

What functions do cones have?

Question 2

What is the binding problem?

Question 3

What is the optic nerve good for?

Question 4

What is lateral inhibition?

Question 5

There are two types of cells within the optic nerve: parvocellular (P) cells and magnocellular (M) cells. What are these cells for?

Question 6

What is perceptual constancy?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 3

Question 1

B. Searching for something with more than one characteristic.

Question 2

C. The attention on one task diminishes and instead attention is focused on another task.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 3

Question 1

Cones are sensitive to differences in color and details (sharpness or acuity).

Question 2

The binding problem is about the question of how all kinds of different elements, coming through different systems in different areas of the brain, are integrated to a whole.

Question 3

The optic nerve is not only a 'cable' that enables the transfer of information, the nerve cells that are part of it are also involved in analyzing the visual input.

Question 4

A pattern in which cells that are stimulated inhibit 'neighbor cells'. This pattern causes cells that detect the outside of a surface to react more strongly, which is also called edge enhancement.

Question 5

P cells seem to be specialized in spatial analysis and the detailed analysis of forms. M cells are important for observing movement and depth.

Question 6

Perceptual constancy means that people see the constant properties of an object, even though the sensory information they get, changes (such as changes in light).

How do we recognize objects? - ExamTests 4

MC-questions with chapter 4

Question 1

Recognition by means of a feature analysis is:

1. Comparing an object with all possible representations of all possible shapes and patterns stored in memory.
2. Recognizing something through the most striking characteristics.
3. Recognizing basic building blocks of shapes and patterns that form a combined pattern.
4. Performing a statistical analysis on recognizability.

Question 2

The inability to recognize faces is called:

1. Agnosia
2. Prosopagnosia
3. Associative amnesia
4. Apperceptive amnesia

Question 3

A prime is:

1. A stimulus that is presented first to see if it affects the following stimuli.
2. A stimulus that is presented last to see if it affects subsequent processes.
3. A stimulus that is presented first to see if it affects previous processes.
4. A stimulus that is presented last to see if it affects previous processes.

Question 4

Priming happens when:

1. A written word activates the meaning of another word in memory.
2. A written word deactivates the meaning of another word in memory.
3. A written word automatically activates the meaning of that word in memory.
4. A written word automatically deactivates the meaning of that word in memory.

Question 5

Encountering a specific stimulus causes this stimulus to be processed faster later on, this is called:

1. Functional priming
2. Repetition priming
3. Stimulus priming
4. Implicit priming

Open questions with chapter 4

Question 1

Our perception is guided by various simple principles. We all have these principles and that is why we often perceive the world in the same way that others do. What are these principles?

Question 2

What is rehearsal priming?

Question 3

What is distributed knowledge?

Question 4

What does the McClelland and Rumelhart model entail?

Question 5

What does the RBC (recognition by components) model entail?

Question 6

What is a holistic recognition?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 4

Question 1

C. Recognizing basic building blocks of shapes and patterns that form a combined pattern.

Question 2

B. Prosopagnosia.

Question 3

A. A stimulus that is presented first to see if it affects the following stimuli.

Question 4

C. A written word automatically activates the meaning of that word in memory .

Question 5

B. Repetition priming.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 4

Question 1

These principles are:

• equality;
• proximity;
• continuation;
• closure and;
• simplicity.

Question 2

When you have seen a (word / object / person) more often and / or recently.

Question 3

The knowledge is spread over the entire network and only becomes visible if you look at the entire network.

Question 4

The McClelland and Rumelhart model states that activation of one detector can lead to the inhibition of another detector. This model also claims that information is sent to and from the brain, as appears to be the case during visual processing.

Question 5

The RBC model contains a level of detectors that are sensitive to geons, which are basic 'building blocks' for all objects that we recognize. Geons are merged into geon assemblies, which then activate the object model. Advantages: recognition based on geons is point of view dependent; most objects can be recognized by using only a few geons.

Question 6

Recognizing something in one go.

What is attention? - ExamTests 5

MC-questions with chapter 5

Question 1

The memory consists of the following process(es):

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 2

Input attention consists of:

1. Arousal
2. Orientation reflexes and attention capture
3. Spotlight attention and visual search
4. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

Sustained attention is:

1. Sustaining attention for a period in which relatively little happens.
2. Retaining attention on a fixed target.
3. Moving attention.
4. Reducing attention.

Question 4

The cognitive aspect of the spontaneous shift of attention to stimuli in the world based on physical aspects is called:

1. Orienting reflex
2. Attention capture
3. Attention shift
4. Attention movement

Question 5

The analogy that each channel and physical connection through which information is sent / processed has a maximum capacity, is called:

1. Channel analogy
2. Channel capacity
3. Computer analogy
4. Computer capacity

Question 6

According to the standard information processing model (Atkinson and Shriffrin), information stored in the long-term memory follows this path:

1. Sensory memory, coding, main memory, storage and long-term memory
2. Sensory memory, storage, main memory, coding, memory
3. Sensory memory, coding, short term memory, storage and long term memory
4. Sensory memory, storage, short term memory, coding and long term memory

Question 7

Patients with neglect:

1. Have great difficulty moving their attention to the left or right side.
2. Ignore the world on their left or right side.
3. Often have brain damage to one brain hemisphere.
4. All of three above answers are correct.

Open questions with chapter 5

Question 1

Can you decide for yourself what to pay attention to?

Question 2

What is a dichotic listening task and what is the purpose of this task?

Question 3

What is unintentional blindness?

Question 4

What is the difference between early and late selection?

Question 5

Which two types of priming do you have and what do these types mean?

Question 6

What is visible in patients with unilateral neglect syndrome?

Question 7

Why does the executive control of the brain help to perform multiple tasks?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 5

Question 1

D. Retrieval .

Question 2

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Question 3

A. Sustaining attention for a period in which relatively little happens.

Question 4

B. Attention capture

Question 5

B. Channel capacity

Question 6

C. Sensory memory, coding, short term memory, storage and long term memory.

Question 7

D. All of three above answers are correct.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 5

Question 1

Yes you can, but you can not (consciously) decide what your eyes are looking at. This confuses many people.

Question2

You will receive different input for this task (headphones). Participants must pay attention to one of these input sources (attended channel) and not to the other (unattended channel). Sometimes a cocktail party effect occurs.

Question 3

Because you do not expect something, you sometimes do not see it (see YouTube videos for examples).

Question 4

During early selection, certain input is identified and biased from the start, so that other input is hardly analyzed. In the case of late selection, all inputs are analyzed relatively completely and then the selection is made.

Question 5

Two types of priming:

1. Stimulus-based priming: depends on which stimulus you have encountered before. You have no control over this.
2. Expectancy-based priming: you have control and your perception depends on your expectations.

Question 6

They seem to ignore input from one half of the body (and therefore see only half, literally).

Question 7

This mechanism ensures goal-setting and priorities and directs the function of many cognitive processes.

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