• More employment opportunity +Cities are exciting, lively and diverse+More cultural, educational and medical resources- Crowdedness, information overload. - High density-Pollution-Crime Crowding is a personally defined, subjective feeling that too many others are aroundDensity: people per square meter. Not identical to the subjective state of crowdednessProximity to others can have even more adverse effects than density because of personal space invasion. Example: having to sit next to people on the train.Study about this phenomena: Evans, G.W., & Wener, R.E. (2007). Crowding and personal space invasion on the train: Please don't make me sit in the middle.Crowding became interpreted and studied as a specific stressor, involving:Antecedents Affective reactionBehavorial response Presence of too many others causes:Goal blocking (traffic jam, waiting in line)Threat of resource loss (food, shelter)Loss of control (unwanted interaction) Anger, annoyance (predominantly negative)Physiological reactions indicating increased arousal and stress Withdrawal, avoidance Filtering out informationChanging social environment by increased selectivity in social contacts, creating normsChanging physical environment by partitioningspace, putting up fences, curtains etc. Residences: e.g. installing screens or wallsAmusement parks: queuing devicesCampings: zoning (grouping of like minded people)Prisons: huge differences between one- and more-person cells. Size is relatively unimportant. So, it is better to have one person cells, even if they are...

Compared to traditional perception research:Perceiver is in the scenePerceiver is purposive, has a planStimuli are complex (Berleyne’s three classes of stimulus properties):Psychophysical: intensity of stimulation, brightness of colors, volume of soundEcological: indicative of positive or negative environmental conditions for peopleCollative stimulus properties Properties based on comparisons between elements in the stimulus field:Order=e.g.:symmetryComplexityDiversity =organized complexity Properties based on comparisons between succession of stimuli:NewnessSurprisingness BASIC NEEDS Understanding Exploration---------------------------------------------Immediate Coherence DiversityInferred, Legibility MysteryPredicted Coherence: A coherent scene is orderly: it hangs together Diversity: The number of different elements in a scene: its richness Legibility: A well-structured space with distinctive elements, so that it is easy both to find one’s way within the scene and to find one’s way back to the starting point Mystery: The promise of further information if one could walk deeper into the scene Pattern of behavior and attitudes based on perceived, attempted or actual control of a definable physical space, involving occupation, defense, personalization, and marking Types of terriroriality: Primary (home, or spaces within home (e.g. bedroom)Secondary (office, lobby, stairway, elevator)Public (park, sidewalk,...

Community Based Social Marketing and a strategy for choice of intervention techniques Five principles:Identify specific behaviorIdentify barriers and incentivesProgram developmentPilot testFull scale implementation and evaluationProviding information/education:Providing insight into the structure of the environmental problemsIncreasing awareness of needIncreasing responsibilityExplaining personal benefitsChanging social approval, social normDecreasing social uncertaintyProvide procedural informationChanging affective meaning of environmental issues (e.g.: it's cool to drive a Tesla)Direct behavioral information:PROMPTS (encouragement/reminder)Effective if:SpecificIn proximity of target behavior Simple behavior (turning of light or water)FriendlySalient (catching attention)FEEDBACK (information about performed behavior and/or effects of behavior)Effective if:Communicated soon after behaviorIn meaningful units Compared to relevant standard Goal present Other types of interventions:CommitmentLokhorst, A. M., Werner, C., Staats, H., van Dijk, E., & Gale, J. L. (2013). Commitment and behavior change: A meta-analysis and critical review of commitment-making strategies in environmental research.Modelling: showing people how other people behave sustainably, and what you can do (see e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Td7jMJJF-4) Mobilizing social network (Carbon Conversations)Tailoring (direct your message as specific as possible to the target) EcoTeam approach to improve environmental behavior...