What is the abstract of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The abstract section of an academic article

Key functions of an abstract
Structure and components of the abstract section
Writing an effective abstract
Related resources

An abstract is a brief summary of a scientific article, usually between 150 and 250 words.

Key functions of an abstract

It highlights the essence of the research and serves several key purposes:

It helps readers decide whether the full article is relevant to their own work.
It allows researchers to identify useful sources during literature searches.
It enables databases to categorize and index articles for easy retrieval.
It gives authors the opportunity to condense their research into the most important points.

Structure and components of the abstract section

Most abstracts follow a structured format. Common sections include:

Background: Outlines the research context and the problem being addressed.
Methods: Describes the research design, data collection, and analysis techniques.
Results: Summarizes the main findings in a clear and concise way.
Conclusions: Highlights the implications and contributions of the study.

Some journals may ask for variations of this structure, impose stricter word limits, or require additional elements such as keywords.

Writing an effective abstract

When preparing an abstract, keep in mind the following principles:

Start strong: Open with a sentence that immediately conveys the focus of your research.
Show significance: Indicate why the research matters and what impact it may have.
Prioritize key findings: Present only the most important results—avoid unnecessary detail.
Use clear language: Keep it accessible, avoiding jargon and unfamiliar abbreviations.
Check carefully: Proofread for clarity, accuracy, and compliance with journal guidelines.

Related resources

For a deeper understanding of scientific writing, see:

Tip category:

Studies & Exams

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What is the introduction of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The introduction section of an academic article

Key functions of the introduction
How academics can use the introduction
Tips for writing an effective introduction
Related resources

The introduction is the opening section of a scientific article. It connects general knowledge to the specific focus of the study, providing context, motivation, and direction. In short, it prepares the reader for what follows and explains why the research matters.

Key functions of the introduction

An effective introduction should:

Establish context: Present the background of the topic, summarize existing knowledge, and point out gaps or open questions.
Motivate the research: Explain why the research is important and what impact it could have on the field.
Define the research question or hypothesis: Clearly state what the study seeks to answer or test.
Outline the study design: Briefly indicate how the research question will be addressed.

How academics can use the introduction

For both authors and readers, the introduction serves several purposes:

Capture interest: Draw the reader in by presenting the research in a clear and engaging way.
Demonstrate expertise: Show awareness of the field and relevant literature.
Justify the study: Convince readers why the research is necessary and worthwhile.
Guide expectations: Provide a logical lead-in to the results and discussion.

Tips for writing an effective introduction

When writing an introduction, consider the following principles:

Start broad, then narrow down: Move from general background to your specific research question.
Use key references: Cite relevant literature to support claims and establish credibility.
Keep language clear: Avoid unnecessary jargon and overly technical phrasing.
Maintain logical flow: Ensure smooth transitions and a clear structure.
Highlight novelty: Emphasize what is unique about the research and its potential contribution.