Examtests with the 7th edition of Psychological Science by Gazzaniga

What is the science of psychology? - ExamTests 1

Questions with chapter 1

Question 1

"Behavior is the only objective measure of the psyche"

This statement is:

1. True
2. False

Question 2

What is the name of the issue of whether properties are genetically or environmentally determined?

1. Body-mind problem
2. Evolutionary or adaptive perspective
3. Nature-nurture debate
4. Conscious or unconscious influence

Question 3

What is the question of whether the mind and body coexist, or whether the mind is an experience of the brain, called?

1. Functionalism
2. Body-mind problem
3. Nature-nurture debate
4. Dualism

Question 4

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Da Vinci thought that all sensory information arrived in one part of the brain.
II. Descartes thought that the body and the mind influenced each other.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 5

Which answer is incorrect?

1. Wundt created the first psychology laboratory and is considered the father of experimental psychology.
2. The Gestalt theory of Wertheimer and Köhler states that the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
3. Structuralism states that the whole can be understood by studying the separate parts.
4. Titchener was a student of Wundt and came up with functionalism.

Question 6

The belief that behavior is caused by unconscious mental processes that we are not aware of is called:

1. Psychoanalysis
2. Behaviorism
3. Cognitive psychology
4. Humanistic approach

Question 7

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. According to Darwin, species change through targeted, specific gene mutations.
II. Darwin called the idea that species with favorable hereditary traits have an advantage over species that do not have these traits.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 8

Within psychology, there are a number of different levels of analysis. Which does not belong?

1. Organic approachI and II are both correct
2. Individual approachTitchener was a student of Wundt and came up with functionalism.
3. Anthropological approach
4. Organic approach

Question 9

Many people consider traveling by airplane scarier than by car. This is an example of:

1. confirmation bias
2. mental heuristics
3. retrospective statement
4. seeing correlations that don't necessarily exist

Question 10

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.

I. The purpose of contemporary psychology is to understand people's mental activity and behavior.
II. People try to prI and II are both incorrectedict the behavior of others based on intuition and these ideas are often true.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 11

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.

I. Developmental psychologists look at developments that take place from youth to adulthood
II. Work psychologists try to ensure that the productivity of a company is as high as possible.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Answers with chapter 1

1. B. False

2. C. Nature-nurture debate

3. B. Body-mind problem

4. C. I and II are both correct

5. D. Titchener was a student of Wundt and came up with functionalism.

6. A. Psychoanalysis

7. D. I and II are both incorrect

8. D. Organic approach

9. B. mental heuristics

10. A. I is correct, II is incorrect

11. D. I and II are both incorrect

Which research methods are used in psychology? - ExamTests 2

Questions with chapter 2

Question 1

There are three research methods. Which is not one of them?

1. Experimental design
2. Descriptive design
3. Scientific design
4. Correlational design

Question 2

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. In cross-sectional studies, two different age groups are examined at the same time and compared.
II. In longitudinal research, there is a danger that differences are caused by things other than the age difference, such as cohort effects.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 3

There are three problems in correlation research. Which of these is not one of them?

1. The directional problem
2. Not knowing which factors played a role
3. The causation problem
4. The third variable problem

Question 4

A study measures how people drive when they drink. How people drive is the ... variable and how much they drink is the ... variable.

1. dependent, independent
2. independent, dependent
3. dependent, confound
4. confound, independent

Question 5

To get a representative sample, use arbitrary ..., and to create equal groups, use arbitrary ....

1. sampling, allocation
2. allocation, sampling
3. allocation, convenience sampling
4. sampling, allocation

Question 6

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.

I. It is possible that a measuring instrument is valid but not accurate.
II. Systematic errors are less serious than random errors because they occur across all spectrums

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 7

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. An investigation is reliable if the measuring instrument measures what it has to measure.
II. The validity of a study indicates the degree to which an experimental measurement is free from errors.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 8

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. The mode is the most common score in a series of numbers.
2. The average (mean) is calculated by adding all the scores together and then dividing by the number of scores.
3. The standard deviation specifies how far each value is from the mode.
4. The median is the middle number in a series of scores.

Question 9 The causation problem

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. The information published in peer-reviewed journals is true because it has been checked multiple times by other scientists.
2. A good theory must produce testable hypotheses.
3. Replicating research is only important if the expected results are not found.
4. Descriptive research techniques are least important in the early phase of an investigation.

Vraag 10

What is meant by Occam's Razor or Law of Thrift?

1. Choosing a hypothesis that excludes as many alternative ideas as possible.
2. When researchers find a result that is unexpected but important.
3. That a simple theory is preferred over a complex theory, if multiple theories are possible.
4. If multiple theories exist, it is better to work with the most comprehensive theory because it is more likely to contain the truth.

Answers with chapter 2

1. C. Scientific design

2. A. I is correct, II is incorrect

3. C. The causation problem

4. A. dependent, independent

5. D. sampling, allocation

6. A. I is correct, II is incorrect

7. D. I and II are both incorrect

8. C. The standard deviation specifies how far each value is from the mode.

9. B. A good theory must produce testable hypotheses.

10. C. That a simple theory is preferred over a complex theory, if multiple theories are possible.

How does biology influence behavior? - ExamTests 3

Questions with chapter 3

Question 1

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. Motor neurons are afferent neurons that allow movement.
2. Somatosensory neurons are sensory neurons that receive information from, for example, the muscles.
3. Interneurons are neurons that only communicate with other neurons.
4. Sensory neurons are afferent neurons that transmit information to the brain.

Question 2

The receivers of a neuron are called ..., the information sender is called ..., the place where the communication between neurons takes place is called ... and the insulating layer around an axon is called ...

1. axons, synapse, dendrites, nodes of Ranvier
2. axons, dendrite, myelin sheath, synapse
3. dendrites, axon, synapse, knots of Ranvier
4. dendrites, axon, synapse, meyelin sheath

Question 3

Put in the correct order of an action potential: 1) hyperpolarization, 2) depolarization, 3) absolute refractory period, 4) repolarization, 5) resting potential.

1. 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
2. 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
3. 4, 2, 3, 1, 5
4. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2

Question 4

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. Serotonin is involved in alertness and awareness, and provides motivation.
2. Endorphins are important for emotion, impulse control and dreams.
3. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter and inhibits action potentials.
4. Glutamine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter and is involved in pain perception, mood and tension.

Question 5

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. A human has 23 pairs of chromosomes, on which all genes lie.
2. We call traits polygenetic when they arise through the interaction of different genes.
3. The genotype consists of all properties that can be observed from an organism.
4. Versions of genes are called alleles. They can be dominant or recessive.

Question 6

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.

I. Ova and sperm are also called gametes.
II. Mutations always have an impact and always provide an advantage in survival and reproduction.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 7

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. Heritability is the percentage of differences between people caused by differences in their genes.
2. Mono and fraternal twins are approximately 100% genetically equal.
3. The knockout approach investigates the influence of genes by turning them off.
4. Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to children through genes.

Question 8

The nervous system can be divided into ... and it .... The peripheral nervous system can be divided into ... and it ....

1. central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system.
2. central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system.
3. peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, autonomic nervous system.
4. peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, central nervous system, somatic nervous system.

Question 9

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. The white matter in the spine consists of neurons' cell bodies and the gray matter consists of myelin.
2. The brainstem is located at the bottom of the brain and is responsible for coordination and balance.
3. The amygdala provides basic physical processes that are important for survival.
4. The hippocampus is important for forming memories.

Question 10

The ... is important for tactile and spatial orientation, the ... for planning and movement, the ... for hearing, detailed visual perception and memory, and the ... for vision.

1. frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe.
2. parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.
3. temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe.
4. parietal lobe, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe.

Question 11

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Both men and women have testosterone and estradiol in their body.
II. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus to allow hormone glands to release their hormones.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 12

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. The brain is plastic, which means it can change.
2. Gene behavior is influenced by the environment.
3. Two neurons firing together provide a better synaptic connection.
4. The death of neurons is called neurogenesis.

Question 13

Which statement is correct?

1. The central nervous system consists of the cerebellum and cerebellum
2. The peripheral nervous system consists of the spine and nerves in the limbs.
3. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spine.
4. The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves in the body up to the neck.

Vraag 14

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Psychophysiological measurements measure physical changes with, for example, a polygraph, EEG, PET scan, MRI, fMRI or TMS.
II. Electrical activity in the brain can be measured using brain imaging techniques.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Answers with chapter 3

1. A. Motor neurons are afferent neurons that allow movement.

2. D. dendrites, axon, synapse, meyelin sheath

3. B. 5, 2, 4, 1, 3

4. C. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter and inhibits action potentials

5. C. The genotype consists of all properties that can be observed from an organism

6. A. I is correct, II is incorrect

7. B. Mono and fraternal twins are approximately 100% genetically equal.

8. A. central nervo5, 2, 4, 1, 3us system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

9. D. The hippocampus is important for forming memories

10. B. parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

11. C. I and II are both correct

12. D. The death of neurons is called neurogenesis.

13. C. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spine.

14. A. I is correct, II is incorrect

What is the difference between conscious and unconscious processes? - ExamTests 4

Questions with chapter 4

Question 1

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. A qualitative code represents the basis of a stimulus.
2. Sensation is the processing and interpretation of a sensory signal.
3. A quantitative code represents the brightness, intensity, or loudness of a stimulus.
4. Transduction is the processing of a signal in the brain.

Question 2

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. The sensory threshold is the minimum amount of change required to notice a difference between the intensity of different stimuli.
2. Signal detection theory states that detecting a stimulus is associated with an assessment of its intensity.
3. The difference threshold determines whether or not you notice something.
4. The absolute threshold is the minimum intensity that a stimulus must have to be perceived.

Question 3

A doctor examines four X-rays. In the first he sees nothing and there is nothing (...). In the second, there is an early stage of cancer, but the doctor doesn't see it (...). In the third, there is an early stage of cancer, and the doctor sees it (...). In the fourth, the doctor thinks he sees something, but there is nothing (...).

1. hit, miss, correct rejection, false alarm.
2. miss, false alarm, hit, correct rejection.
3. correct rejection, miss, hit, false alarm.
4. correct rejection, false alarm, hit, miss.

Question 4

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Smell is the only sense that does not send its information to the amygdala.
II. Pain nerves can be divided into two types: fast and slow fiber. Fast fibers are for immediate pain and slow for long-term, chronic pain.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 5

Indicate the correct order in which a sound passes through the ear: 1) oval window, 2) eardrum, 3) basilar membrane, 4) stirrup, 5) anvil, 6) hammer.

1. 2, 6, 5, 4, 1, 3
2. 2, 5, 6, 4, 3, 1
3. 2, 1, 6, 4, 1, 5
4. 2, 3, 1, 6, 5, 4

Question 6

Indicate the order in which we see light: 1) retina, 2) optic nerve, 3) lens, 4) cornea, 5) optic chiasm.

1. 1, 3, 4, 2, 5
2. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2
3. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5
4. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2

Question 7

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. We see color through three types of cones: red, green and blue.
2. Lateral inhibition causes us to see contrast.
3. The color of an object is determined by the wavelengths of electromagnetic waves from the light that the object reflects.
4. Rods are receptor cells responsible for seeing in the dark.

Question 8

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. The dorsal route is the true route of the brain and runs from the occipital to the parietal lobe.
2. The law of proximity states that the closer they are to each other, we will perceive objects as belonging together.
3. The ventral route is the what route of the brain and extends from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe.
4. The law of similarity means that we see lines as continuous, even if they are interrupted.

Question 9

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. To see depth, we use monocular disparity.
2. Bottom-up processing processes the object from details to generalities.
3. Humans are equally good at recognizing faces of their own race and other races.
4. In the horizontal-vertical illusion, a horizontal line appears longer than a vertical line.

Question 10

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. The hue of a color depends on the wavelength of the light when it reaches the eye.
2. The purity of a color that varies based on the mix of wavelengths of a stimulus is the hue of a color.
3. The perceived intensity of a color is lightness, which is determined by the total amount of light reaching the eye.
4. The saturation of an area is determined by the relative brightness it has in comparison to its surroundings.

Question 11

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. Sensory information is always sent to the thalamus where it is further processed.
2. When we smell something, small odor particles come into contact with the olfactory bulb: a thin layer consisting of olfactory receptors.
3. People can distinguish a few hundred different scents but have difficulty naming scents.
4. Women are better at identifying and remembering scents than men.

Vraag 12

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Gate control theory states that pain receptors must be activated before pain signals can reach the brain. Receptors can only send signals when the gate is open. These gates can only be closed by administering medication.
II. Focusing on a painful stimulus, fatigue and / or stress can actually open the gate and enhance the experience of pain.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Answers with chapter 4

1. B. Sensation is the processing and interpretation of a sensory signal

2. D. The absolute threshold is the minimum intensity that a stimulus must have to be perceived

3. C. correct rejection, miss, hit, false alarm

4. B. I is incorrect, II is correct

5. A. 2, 6, 5, 4, 1, 3

6. C. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5

7. B. Lateral inhibition causes us to see contrast

8. D. The law of similarity means that we see lines as continuous, even if they are interrupted

9. B. Bottom-up processing processes the object from details to generalities

10. A. The hue of a color depends on the wavelength of the light when it reaches the eye

11. D. Women are better at identifying and remembering scents than men

12. B. I is incorrect, II is correct

How do the processes of perception and sensation work? - ExamTests 5

Questions with chapter 5

Question 1

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. Today it is believed that consciousness and body cannot be separated.
2. Subjectivity is the phenomenon that we all have a unique image of our own conscious experiences.
3. In locked-in syndrome, someone is so focused on their work that they don't notice their surroundings.
4. In patients with severe epilepsy, where medication does not work, the corpus callosum is cut, which is called a split brain condition.

Question 2

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. In blind vision, blind people have limited visual capabilities, but they are not aware of this.
II. With subliminal perception we are aware of a stimulus, after which it is processed.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 3

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. Alpha waves occur during REM sleep.
2. Phase 1 and 2 are collectively referred to as slow wave sleep.
3. Theta waves occur when you have just fallen asleep.
4. Sleep spindles and k-complexes regularly occur during REM sleep.

Question 4

With the disorder ... people just fall asleep during the day; at ... people sometimes suddenly stop breathing during sleep and startled awake; at ... people move during their sleep and depict their dreams. When ... people dream that they are not sleeping.

1. REM behavior disorder, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, pseudo-insomnia
2. pseudo-insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder
3. narcolepsy, sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder, pseudo-insomnia
4. sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder, pseudo-insomnia, narcolepsy

Question 5

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. The primary function of sleep is recovery.
II. The pituitary gland produces melatonin, which is released by the pineal gland after signals from the hypothalamus.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 6

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. According to Freud, the latent content represents the literal content of the dream, and the manifest content the symbolism.
2. In meditation, attention is focused on an object or thought, and one becomes very sensitive to suggestions.
3. In hypnosis, a person forcibly changes his behavior and thoughts, and pain is no longer felt.
4. When you lose yourself in a fun activity you are in a flow.

Question 7

Indicate which statement is incorrect.

1. MDMA is a hallucinogenic drug and works through dopamine and serotonin.
2. THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, provides relaxation and satisfaction, falls under the hallucinogens and is not a long-term problem.
3. Traditionally, opiates have been used for pain reduction, but they are highly addictive and long-term use leads to neurological and cognitive problems.
4. Cocaine and amphetamine are among the stimulants, and they work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin.

Question 8

Indicate which statement is correct.

1. Circadian rhythms are influenced by the hormone balance.
2. Melatonin production is stimulated when it is light and slowed down when it gets dark.
3. Information about light received by the eyes is sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
4. Melatonin is then produced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 9

Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Alcohol has an effect on the neurotransmitters GABA and dopamine: Dopamine has an inhibiting effect and makes people feel relaxed after drinking alcohol.
II. Certain behaviors that are thought to arise from alcohol consumption occur because of these expectations.

1. I is correct, II is incorrect
2. I is incorrect, II is correct
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 10

Indicate which of these statements is correct.

1. According to the activation synthesis hypothesis, the sleeping mind tries to understand the random firing of neuron by making a story out of it.
2. People have shown the same brain activity regardless of whether they are under hypnosis or not.
3. In meditation one tries to concentrate well on his inner perception and to understand why certain thoughts arise in him.
4. Stimulants work by stimulating the release of dopamine.

Answers with chapter 5

1. C. In locked-in syndrome, someone is so focused on their work that they don't notice their surroundings

2. A. I is correct, II is incorrect

3. C. Theta waves occur when you have just fallen asleep.

4. C. narcolepsy, sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder, pseudo-insomnia

5. B. I is incorrect, II is correct

6. D. When you lose yourself in a fun activity you are in a flow

7. B. THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, provides relaxation and satisfaction, falls under the hallucinogens and is not a long-term problem

8. C. Information about light received by the eyes is sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

9. B. I is incorrect, II is correct

10. A. According to the activation synthesis hypothesis, the sleeping mind tries to understand the random firing of neuron by making a story out of it

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