IBP Social Psychology Summary - Social perception- ch 3

Social and Organizational Psychology

IBP 2017-2018

Social perception

Social perception: the process through which we seek to know other people

Nonverbal communication: an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, and touching

  • Body language reflects emotions through the positions, postures, and movements of the body
  • People can express emotions through vocal effects, such as tone, volume, pitch, and rhythm
  • The facial feedback hypothesis: our nonverbal cues may influence our internal feelings.
  • Nonverbal cues for deception:
    • Microexpressions: facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a second
    • Interchannel discrepancies: nonverbal cues and body language that are inconsistent with each other
    • Exaggerated facial expressions
  • Signs of deception in linguistic styles:
    • pitch of the voice often rises
    • taking longer to respond to a question or being slower in describing events
    • start sentences, stop them, and begin again
  • Detecting deception accurately is very difficult, but e.g. secret agents are slightly better at it

Attribution: efforts to understand why people have acted as they have

Jones and Davis’s theory of correspondent inference: we attempt to infer others’ traits from observing certain aspects of their behavior

  • especially behavior that is:

    • freely chosen
    • produces noncommon effects
    • is low in social desirability

Kelley’s covariation theory: we are interested in whether others’ behavior stems from internal or external causes

  • We focus on information relating to:

    • consensus: the extent to which other people react to a given stimulus or event in the same manner as the person we are evaluating
    • consistency: the extent to which the person in question reacts to the stimulus or event in the same way on other occasions, over time
    • distinctiveness: the extent to which the person reacts in the same manner to other, different stimuli or events

Other dimensions of causal attribution:

  • Specific causes of behavior being stable or unstable over time
  • Behavioral causes are controllable or not controllable

Action identification: The interpretation we place on an act in terms of differing degrees of abstraction

  • Example: Seeing someone put coins in a jar

    • Concrete interpretation: she wants to avoid losing the coins
    • Abstract interpretation: she wants to save money for her education

Correspondence bias: the tendency to explain others’ actions as stemming from their dispositions (internal), even in the presence of clear situational causes (external)

Actor–observer effect: the tendency to attribute our own behavior to external causes but that of others to internal causes

 Self-serving bias: the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal causes, but negative ones to external causes.

  • Especially strong for negative events, which we often attribute to external agents rather than aspects of ourselves
  •  A related aspect of the self-serving bias is hubris. People who exhibit hubris often perceive themselves as being solely responsible for positive outcomes

Impression formation: the process through which we form our views of others

  • Central traits such as warm and cold can influence the interpretation of other traits
  • First impressions are formed very quickly, but are changed upon learning new information
  • Impression management/self-presentation:
    • Self-enhancement: efforts to boost one’s appeal
    • Other-enhancement: efforts to induce positive moods or reactions in others
    • These techniques work but if they are overdone, they can be recognized for what they are, and generate negative rather than positive reactions from others

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References:

Baron, R., & Branscombe, N. (2016). Social psychology (14th edition) Harlow: Pearson Education Limited

--Chapter 3

https://www.udemy.com/topic/psychology/

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