Examtests with Multivariate Data Analysis Text Book by Leiden University

Which analysis method can be used for separate types of problems? - ExamTests 0

Questions with chapter 0

Question 1

A researcher aims to predict whether FC Barcelona will win the competition this season based on the variables 'invested money' and 'talent of the selection'. What method do we use?

1. Simple regression analysis.

2. Multiple regression analysis.

3. Logistic regression analysis.

4. ANOVA.

Question 2

One person is better than the other in postponing reward. On age three, we can already see this in performance on the marshmallow test. A developmental psychologist believes that children who move a lot in the uterus, who cry loud at birth, and who are very passionate, will often fail the marshmallow test. She measures the movement at 6 months in the uterus (10-point scale), the volume of crying at birth (in dB) and the number of tantrums at the age of 14 months in 200 participants. Then, each child does the marshmallow test at age 3, in which only not eating the marshmallow is registered.

What is the best technique to use when analyzing the data?

1. MRA.

2. ANOVA.

3. ANCOVA.

4. LRA.

Question 3

During summer, the police often receive more complaints than in other seasons. In order to arrive at a targeted prevention policy, the noise hindrance per house is measured by the number of decibels produced at 300 homes in the same district. An attempt is made to predict this noise hindrance as accurately as possible on the basis of sex, age (in years), number of children, extraversion (on a 20-point scale) and IQ of the main resident. What is the most suitable technique for this?

1. MRA.

2. ANOVA.

3. ANCOVA.

4. LRA.

Question 4

Research has shown that a disproportionate number of Peruvian footballers have a very good ball technique. A possible explanation is that Peruvian street footballers usually play with inferior, mainly ovoid, balls and can only use them with a fabulous technique.
For the time being, this statement is based solely on informal observations. A researcher decides to check whether the balls are less round in Peruvian street football than in street football in other countries. To this end, he chooses five countries (Colombia, Peru, Switzerland, Belgium and Iran) and sends an experienced ballometrician (who knows nothing about the purpose of the research) to each of these countries. In each country, at 100 randomly selected street soccer games, the measures of the ball during the break, leading to a score from 0 (perfectly round) to 100 (absolutely not round) per ball. The hypothesis is that the Peruvian balls are less round than the balls from the other countries.

What is the most suitable technique to test this hypothesis?

1. MRA.

2. ANOVA.

3. ANCOVA.

4. LRA.

Question 5

Much pseudo-research has shown that men provide better education than women, but many people disagree. They think men are better judged because men are taller on average and have heavier votes. To verify this, New York Psychology teachers measure the average student opinion about their educational qualities, the heaviness of the voice (on a 20-point scale), the height (in millimeters) and sex (male or female). The prediction is that the male teachers will on average be rated better than the female teachers, but this difference will disappear after correction for body length and heaviness of the voice.

What is the most appropriate technique to investigate this prediction?

1. MRA.

2. ANOVA.

3. ANCOVA.

4. LRA.

Question 6

An insurance psych

A researcher aims to predict whether FC Barcelona will win the competition this season based on the variables 'invested money' and 'talent of the selection'. What method do we use?

1. Simple regression analysis.

2. Multiple regression analysis.

3. Logistic regression analysis.

4. ANOVA.

ologist, specialized in behavioral aspects of DIY accidents, finds that in many of the DIY incidents investigated, the seriously injured handyman had not looked into the tool manual. It had been looked at fleetingly, but only rarely studied carefully. The psychologist wonders what factors determine how long the handyman (M / F) studies the manual: type of tool, sex of the handyman, number of years of work experience.

In collaboration with the PRAXIS, the psychologist has 400 buyers of a glue gun, multi-tool or sander complete a survey one month after purchase. This contains questions about the type of tool (glue gun, multi-tool, or sander), sex, number of years of DIY experience, and number of minutes that the manual for the purchased device was read.

What is the most suitable technique to answer the above question?

1. MRA.

2. ANOVA.

3. ANCOVA.

4. Mediation analysis.

Question 7

A positive psychologist suspects that introverts enjoy doing odd jobs less than introverts, because they are more in a “flow” state during odd jobs. To investigate this she brings 300 experienced handymen to the lab, in which they all do the same job with 38 electrodes on their heads. Beforehand, everyone measures the degree of introversion, during the job the number of seconds in flow is measured based on flow-related brain patterns, and afterwards everyone is asked on a 9-point scale how much fun they had in the job.

What is the most suitable technique to investigate the above presumption?

1. ANOVA.

2. ANCOVA.

3. Repeated measures ANOVA.

4. Mediation analysis.

Question 8

A director of a roofing company asks to what extent the following matters determine how long a job lasts: the size of the roof, the number of used roofing materials, the number of years of experience of the roofing materials? To answer this question, it obtains a number of data from the business administration of all the jobs over the past five years: roof area (in square meters), number of roofing tiles used, average number of years of experience of the roofing tiles used and number of hours between the beginning and end of the job.

What is the most suitable technique for answering this research question?

1. MRA.

2. ANOVA.

3. ANCOVA.

4. MANOVA.

Question 9

When a basketball game ends equally, it must sometimes be decided by taking penalty throws. According to a well-known Dutch coach, it makes little sense to train specifically for this, but some think differently. A research group suspects the following: the greater the overall productivity of a team and the more training on penalty throws, the greater the chance of winning a penalty throw series.
It is decided to investigate this by measuring the following of all Dutch games from 1973 to the present that have been decided on penalties for each home team.

• Penalty throwing training: how many minutes had they been trained on penalties in the previous week?
• General productivity: how many goals per game had the team scored on average in the previous five games?
• Result: was the penalty shootout won or lost?

What is the most suitable technique to investigate the above presumption?

1. MRA.

2. ANOVA.

3. ANCOVA.

4. LRA.

Question 10

A political analyst wonders which president has the most charisma in the eyes of the American voters. To this end, he asks a large, representative sample of voters to rate the charisma of five (former) presidents using an 11-point scale ranging from 0 = “no charisma at all” to 10 = “great charisma”.

What is the most appropriate technique for comparing the charism of the five presidents?

1. MRA.

2. ANCOVA.

3. MANOVA.

4. Repeated measures ANOVA (RMA).

Answers with chapter 0

Question 1

C. Logistic regression analysis.

Question 2

D. LRA.

Question 3

A. MRA.

Question 4

B. ANOVA.

Question 5

C. ANCOVA.

Question 6

C. ANCOVA.

Question 7

D. Mediation analysis.

Question 8

A. MRA.

Question 9

D. LRA.

Question 10

D. Repeated measures ANOVA (RMA).

How does multiple regression analysis (MRA) work? - ExamTests 1

Questions with chapter 1

Question 1

When do we speak of multicollinearity in multiple regression analysis (MRA)?

1. When two or more predictors are highly correlated.

2. When the measurement errors of several predictors are highly correlated.

3. When the residuals of the regression model are correlated.

4. When one predictor is highly correlated with the dependent variable.

Question 2

With what statistic do we measure whether adding specific a predictor variable significantly improves our model?

1. R².

2. R²_change.

3. Std. error.

4. Adjusted R².

Question 3

Why can't we use Pearson correlation (R) in the case of a categorical variable with more than two categories?

1. Because this variable is not a ratio or interval variable.

2. Because the variables cannot have negative or positive values.

3. Because classification is not arbitrary.

Question 4

Given is the following SPSS table. What procedure was used?

1. The standard method.

2. The hierarchical procedure.

3. The 'removal' procedure.

Question 5

What variable in the same table explained the dependent variable best?

1. Variable 1.

2. Variable 2.

3. Variable 3.

4. Variable 4.

Question 6

Is there a variable that could better be not added to the model?

1. Yes, the variable that is added at step 4 does not significantly improve the model.

2. No, but only because the significance level is still below .05.

3. No, because the explained variance and F-values have increased at each step.

4. We cannot be sure based on the information in the table.

Question 7

What criteria are important when evaluating a model?

1. The amount of variance explained and the degree of multicollinearity.

2. The degree of multicollinearity and the statistical significance.

3. The statistical significance and the amount of explained variance.

4. The amount of explained variance, statistical significance, and the degree of multicollinearity.

Question 8

In a regression analysis with data of 150 participants the regression weight of X₂ is not significant, but the correlation is however high: .6. The correlation between X₁ and Y is .8, and the correlation between X₁ and X₂ is .8. What is the explanation for this?

1. There is an interaction effect between X₁ and X₂.

2. The data is non-linear.

3. X₁ does not have a unique contribution.

4. X₂ does not have a unique contribution.

Question 9

Given is the following SPSS table. What is the standardized equation?

1. Y= -18.534 + 7.890*X1 – 3.980*X2.

2. Y= 7.890*X1 – 3.980*X2.

3. Y= -18.534 + 0.673*X1 – 0.380*X2.

4. Y= 0.673*X1 – 0.380*X2.

Question 10

What is the meaning of B in the table of question 9?

1. When X₁ increases with 1 unit, Y will increase with 7.890.

2. When X₁ increases with 7.890, Y will increase with 1 unit.

3. When X₁ increases with 1 unit, Y will increase with 7.890*.673.

Question 11

What is not a factor that can strongly influence Pearson r and the regression coefficients?

1. Limited variance.

2. Standard measurement errors.

3. Outliers.

4. Non-linearity.

Question 12

Multicollinearity leads to a higher/lower R² and is not good/good when we want to understand the interaction between variables.

1. Higher/good.

2. Higher/not good.

3. Lower/good.

4. Lower/not good.

Question 13

With which one of these methods are predictors added stepwise?

1. Forward selection procedure.

2. Backward selection procedure.

3. Standard selection procedure.

Question 14

In a model there are two partial correlations with the dependent variable: r_x1y = .6 and r_x2y = .4. The explained variance is 60%. How much variance is explained by both of these variables?

1. 4%.

2. 6%.

3. 8%.

4. We cannot be sure based on this information.

Question 15

A health psychologists investigates with an MRA whether OCD can be predicted by the amount of rumination and the amount of doubt. This yields the following output:

What is the total proportion of variance explained of OCD?

1. .120.

2. .528.

3. .647.

4. .766.

Question 16

A professor researches with a MRA if the grade for MVDA can be predicted by the number of study hours per week, the number of travelling hours, and the grade for Psychometrics. This yields the following output:

What is according to this regression model the predicted grade for MVDA of a student who studies 5 hours a week, travels 4 hours a week, and got an 8 for Psychometrics?

1. 3.4.

2. 4.0.

3. 6.6.

4. 7.1.

Answers with chapter 1

Question 1

A. When two or more predictors are highly correlated.

Question 2

B. R²_change.

Question 3

C. Because classification is not arbitrary.

Question 4

B. The hierarchical procedure.

Question 5

A. Variable 1.

Question 6

C. No, because the explained variance and F-values have increased at each step.

Question 7

C. The statistical significance and the amount of explained variance.

Question 8

D. X₂ does not have a unique contribution.

Question 9

D. Y= 0.673*X1 – 0.380*X2.

Question 10

A. When X₁ increases with 1 unit, Y will increase with 7.890.

Question 11

B. Standard measurement errors.

Question 12

B. Higher/not good.

Question 13

A. Forward selection procedure.

Question 14

C. 8%.

Question 15

C. .647.

Question 16

C. 6.6.

How does Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) work? - ExamTests 2

Questions with chapter 2

Question 1

When do we speak of homogeneity in analysis of variance (ANOVA)?

1. When all independent variables have the same variance.

2. When the dependent variable is normally distributed.

3. When the variance of the dependent variable is the same in all groups.

4. When all groups have the same size.

Question 2

When do we speak of a significant interaction effect?

1. When the independent variables are significantly correlated with each other.

2. When the effect of the independent variable can be explained by another variable that was not included in the model.

3. When the effect of one independent variable significantly differs for different categories of another independent variable.

4. When two independent variables significantly predict the dependent variable.

Question 3

From an ANOVA table we already have the following values: SS_{between groups} = 400, SS_{within groups} = 150, df_{between groups} = 4, df_{within groups} = 16. What is the F-value?

1. 2.667.

2. 4.

3. 10.667.

4. 25.

Question 4

In a ... sample, a (n) ... correlation easily becomes significant.

1. Big, average.

2. Big, low.

3. Small, high.

4. Small, low.

Question 5

Which statement is true?

I. The strength of a certain effect in ANOVA is indicated by R².
II. The F-value in an ANOVA table is calculated by dividing the mean SS_model by the mean SS_error.

1. I is true.

2. II is true.

3. Both are true.

4. Neither are true.

Question 6

A consumer psychologist performs a between-subjects ANOVA to study the effect of personality type (introvert, extrovert, ambivert) and gender (female, male) on consumption. When do we speak of an interaction between personality type and gender?

1. If all six groups have the same size.

2. If within each personality type men buy more than women.

3. If the effect of gender is the same for each personality type.

4. If the effect of personality type is different for men than for women.

Question 7

What kind of information does a significant Levene's test give us?

1. That an independent variable is a significant predictor of a dependent variable.

2. That the variances aren't equally distributed.

3. That one independent variable influences the categories of another independent variable.

Question 8

What table shows us information about the underlying effects between variables after running an ANOVA?

1. The coefficients table.

2. The correlations table.

3. The Pairwise Comparisons table.

Question 9

When do we speak of homoscedasticity in ANOVA?

1. When the dependent variable has the same variance in all groups.

2. When the independent variables all have the same variance.

3. When the dependent variable is normally distributed.

4. When the groups contain the same number of participants.

Question 10

A researcher investigates what the effect of a study book (English for beginners / I learn English! / Magic English) and gender (boy / girl) is on performance. This yields the following output:

The psychologists investigates the hypothesis with a between-subjects ANOVA design. This yields the two following statements about the robustness of the F-tests:

I. The F-tests are robust against violation of normality.
II. The F-tests are robust against violation of homogeneous group variances.

Which statement is true?

1. I is true.

2. II is true.

3. Both are true.

4. Neither are true.

Question 11

In a balanced study with 88 participants a social psychologist investigates the effect of gender (female / male) and age (4 categories) on tablet use with a between-subjects ANOVA. This yields the following table, which is partly filled in:

Complete the table. What effect has the greatest F-value?

1. Gender.

2. Age.

3. Gender*Age.

4. All F-values are equally as great.

Answers with chapter 2

Question 1

C. When the variance of the dependent variable is the same in all groups.

Question 2

C. When the effect of one independent variable significantly differs for different categories of another independent variable.

Question 3

C. 10.667.

Question 4

B. Big, low.

Question 5

B. II is true.

Question 6

D. If the effect of personality type is different for men than for women.

Question 7

B. That the variances aren't equally distributed.

Question 8

C. The Pairwise Comparisons table.

Question 9

A. When the dependent variable has the same variance in all groups.

Question 10

B. II is true.

Question 11

A. Gender.

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