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Reading and studying scientific articles

Tips and tools with the use of scientific papers and publications for study and knowledge

What is a scientific article and why is it important?

What is a scientific article and why is it important?

Scientific article

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What is a scientific article?

A scientific article is a formal publication that communicates the results of research to the academic community. It is usually published in a peer-reviewed journal, meaning that experts in the field review it for accuracy, rigor, and contribution before acceptance. Scientific articles are written not only to share findings but also to allow others to verify, replicate, or build upon the research.

Although the term often refers to original research articles, journals also publish other types such as review articles that summarize existing knowledge, short communications that report new findings briefly, or case studies in fields like medicine and social sciences.

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How are scientific articles structured?

Scientific articles follow a standardized format that makes research transparent and comparable. Most include:

  • Abstract: A concise summary of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions.

  • Introduction: Background, existing knowledge, the research gap, and the central question or hypothesis.

  • Methods: Detailed description of study design, data collection, and analysis, enabling replication.

  • Results: Presentation of findings in text, figures, and tables, without interpretation.

  • Discussion: Interpretation of the results, comparison with previous work, acknowledgment of limitations, and implications.

  • Conclusion: A summary of the main contribution and possible directions for future research.

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How can you analyze a scientific article?

Critical reading goes beyond following the text. Ask yourself:

  • Is the research question clear, focused, and relevant?

  • Are the methods appropriate and well described?

  • Are the results presented transparently and without bias?

  • Is the discussion supported by evidence and aware of limitations?

  • Does the conclusion follow logically from the findings and add value?

A useful strategy is to begin with the abstract and conclusion to decide whether the article is relevant. If it is, dive into the methods and results to understand the evidence before reading the discussion and introduction.

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Why do scientific articles matter?

Scientific articles form the backbone of scholarly communication. They provide a cumulative and transparent record of research that allows knowledge to develop systematically. For students and researchers, learning to read and evaluate these articles means joining the academic conversation: questioning, refining, and extending what is known.

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How do you work with scientific articles?

How do you work with scientific articles?

Understanding what scientific articles are, how to find them, read them, and summarize them effectively

What is a scientific article and why is it important?

What is a scientific article and why is it important?

Scientific article

Back to top

What is a scientific article?

A scientific article is a formal publication that communicates the results of research to the academic community. It is usually published in a peer-reviewed journal, meaning that experts in the field review it for accuracy, rigor, and contribution before acceptance. Scientific articles are written not only to share findings but also to allow others to verify, replicate, or build upon the research.

Although the term often refers to original research articles, journals also publish other types such as review articles that summarize existing knowledge, short communications that report new findings briefly, or case studies in fields like medicine and social sciences.

Back to top

How are scientific articles structured?

Scientific articles follow a standardized format that makes research transparent and comparable. Most include:

  • Abstract: A concise summary of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions.

  • Introduction: Background, existing knowledge, the research gap, and the central question or hypothesis.

  • Methods: Detailed description of study design, data collection, and analysis, enabling replication.

  • Results: Presentation of findings in text, figures, and tables, without interpretation.

  • Discussion: Interpretation of the results, comparison with previous work, acknowledgment of limitations, and implications.

  • Conclusion: A summary of the main contribution and possible directions for future research.

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How can you analyze a scientific article?

Critical reading goes beyond following the text. Ask yourself:

  • Is the research question clear, focused, and relevant?

  • Are the methods appropriate and well described?

  • Are the results presented transparently and without bias?

  • Is the discussion supported by evidence and aware of limitations?

  • Does the conclusion follow logically from the findings and add value?

A useful strategy is to begin with the abstract and conclusion to decide whether the article is relevant. If it is, dive into the methods and results to understand the evidence before reading the discussion and introduction.

Back to top

Why do scientific articles matter?

Scientific articles form the backbone of scholarly communication. They provide a cumulative and transparent record of research that allows knowledge to develop systematically. For students and researchers, learning to read and evaluate these articles means joining the academic conversation: questioning, refining, and extending what is known.

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What are effective ways to find scientific articles?

What are effective ways to find scientific articles?

Finding scientific articles

Effective literature searching can be divided into three main components: searching, finding, and accessing.

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How can you search effectively?

  • Keywords: Use precise, field-specific terms. Include synonyms, related terms, and spelling variations to broaden your scope while staying relevant.

  • Boolean operators: Combine terms with AND, OR, and NOT to refine or expand results. For example: “climate change AND migration” narrows the search to studies addressing both topics.

  • Filters: Narrow results by publication year, language, author affiliation, or article type (for example, review or empirical research).

  • Subject headings: Employ standardized vocabularies such as MeSH in PubMed for consistent retrieval across databases.

  • Search balance: Begin broad to scan the field. Narrow down for depth once you identify key terms and sources.

  • Citation tracking:

    • Reference lists: Reveal the foundational works that shaped the article.

    • Cited-by tools: Show newer publications that build upon the article.

  • How can you stay updated?

    • Set up alerts in Google Scholar or discipline-specific databases for new work.

    • Subscribe to journal newsletters or RSS feeds.

    • Use academic networks such as ResearchGate or Academia.edu to follow researchers and access their latest output.

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Where can you find articles?

General search engines and broad databases

  • Google Scholar: Free, accessible, and covers a wide range of disciplines. Useful for quick orientation.

  • Science.gov: A U.S. government portal that provides access to federally funded research and datasets.

Discipline-specific databases

  • Life Sciences: PubMed Central (PMC) for biomedical literature, Web of Science for cross-disciplinary indexing, ScienceDirect for peer-reviewed journals.

  • Physical Sciences: INSPEC for engineering and physics, AIP Scitation for physics, MathSciNet for mathematics.

  • Social Sciences: Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for citations, PsycINFO for psychology, JSTOR for older and interdisciplinary literature.

  • Humanities: MLA International Bibliography for literature and linguistics, Historical Abstracts for history, Philosopher’s Index for philosophy.

Other sources

  • Grey literature: Theses, dissertations, conference proceedings, and technical reports can provide data not published elsewhere.

  • Preprint servers: arXiv, PsyArXiv, and SocArXiv contain early versions of articles before peer review.

  • Institutional repositories: Universities often host open access versions of their researchers’ work.

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How can you access full-text articles?

Open access options

  • Open access journals: Many journals publish articles freely online, either fully OA or hybrid.

  • Preprints and postprints: Authors often upload early versions (preprints) or accepted manuscripts (postprints) to repositories, even if the final version is paywalled.

  • Public repositories: Funders such as the NIH require research to be deposited in platforms like PubMed Central.

Library-based access

  • Library subscriptions: University or institutional libraries provide access to a wide range of journals. Remote access is usually possible via VPN or proxy login.

  • Interlibrary loan (ILL): Borrow articles or books from other libraries if not available in your own.

  • Document delivery services: Some libraries offer direct delivery of scanned articles upon request.

Author and researcher sharing

  • Direct author contact: Most researchers are happy to share a PDF if you email them.

  • Academic networks: Platforms such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu allow you to request or download articles directly from the author.

  • Professional societies and mailing lists: Membership often includes journal access or article sharing within the community.

Alternative access tools

  • Unpaywall: A browser extension that automatically finds free legal versions of paywalled articles.

  • CORE and OpenAIRE: Aggregators of open access research across disciplines.

  • National and public libraries: In some countries, large public or national libraries provide journal access to registered users.

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How can you read scientific articles effectively and efficiently?

How can you read scientific articles effectively and efficiently?

Reading scientific articles

Scientific articles are dense by design, but you don’t need to read them cover to cover. With the right approach, you can read selectively, save time, and still understand what matters.

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Before you start

  • Define your purpose: Decide whether you need a specific fact, a quality check of the study, or a broad overview of the field. A clear goal helps you focus.

  • Know the context: Different journals use different styles and levels of technicality. Recognizing the field and its terminology prepares you for what you will encounter.

  • Look for reviews first: If you are new to a field, start with review articles. They provide essential background before tackling primary research.

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While reading

  • Don’t read linearly: Use the PQRST method:

    • Preview: Skim the abstract, introduction, and conclusion to grasp the main idea.

    • Question: Formulate guiding questions (e.g., What is the research question? Are the methods appropriate? What are the key findings?).

    • Read: Focus on the sections most relevant to your questions. Pay special attention to methods, results, and discussion.

    • Suss out: Identify the main arguments, supporting evidence, and limitations.

    • Think and synthesize: Reflect on the overall message, consider its implications, and connect it with what you already know.

  • Prioritize strategically: Check figures and tables early, and look at the conclusion before reading details. This helps you decide quickly whether the article is worth deeper attention.

  • Stay active: Take notes, highlight important points, and write down questions as they arise. Annotating the research question, methods, and key results makes later review easier.

  • Distinguish data from interpretation: Separate raw results from the authors’ explanations and claims.

  • Use references strategically: Explore citations in the introduction and discussion to trace foundational studies or find alternative viewpoints.

  • Consult external resources: Look up unfamiliar terms, check background sources, and explore related articles to build a fuller understanding.

  • Apply layered reading: Decide in advance whether you will only skim the abstract and figures, read through the discussion, or commit to the entire article.

  • Timebox your effort: Set a limit (e.g., 30 minutes per article) to avoid getting bogged down in technical details that may not be central to your purpose.

  • Pace yourself: Don’t expect to fully understand everything in one pass. Skim first, then return to the sections that matter most.

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After reading

  • Summarize in your own words: Write a short recap of the research question, key methods, and findings. This consolidates comprehension and highlights what you truly understood.

  • Critically evaluate the study: Consider whether the methods were sound, the results robust, and the conclusions justified. Ask whether the study could be replicated with the information given.

  • Apply the insights: Connect the findings to your own work or use them to generate new research questions.

  • Organize systematically: Store the article and your notes in a reference manager (e.g., Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote) for efficient retrieval later.

  • Discuss with others: Present the article in a journal club, class discussion, or peer group to test your interpretation and learn from alternative perspectives.

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How do you summarize a scientific article effectively?

How do you summarize a scientific article effectively?

Summarizing a scientific article means finding the balance between brevity and accuracy, while capturing the essential points that matter for your purpose. A strong summary goes beyond repeating content. It shows understanding, highlights significance, and opens the door for reflection and discussion.

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Goals: How should you adapt your summary to your goals and audience?

Before you start, clarify why you are summarizing.

  • If you are writing for yourself, focus on clarity, brevity, and the main takeaways you want to remember.

  • If you are preparing a summary for your peers, add context and explanation so others can follow without reading the article themselves. Highlight key methods, findings, and implications.

  • If you are working in a group setting, such as a journal club or study group, emphasize results, limitations, and points that invite debate or discussion.

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Beginning: What should you keep in mind before you begin reading?

  • Understand the field: Familiarize yourself with the research area so you can place the article in context. This helps you see why the study matters and what future directions it may suggest.

  • Recognize your own biases: Be aware of preconceived notions. Aim for neutrality and fairness in how you present the findings.

  • Consider ethical dimensions: If the research involves ethical concerns, briefly note them in your summary, keeping the tone respectful and objective.

  • Skim strategically: Start with the abstract, headings, figures, and conclusion before reading in detail. This frames expectations and highlights what matters most.

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Reading: How can you take effective notes while reading?

  • Use the PQRST method:

    • Preview: Skim the article first by looking at titles, headings, abstract, and figures to get an overview.

    • Question: Turn headings or key topics into questions you want the text to answer.

    • Read: Read the text carefully with those questions in mind.

    • Summarize: Pause to restate the main ideas in your own words.

    • Test: Recall the main points without looking, or answer the questions you posed.

  • Adapt PQRST to your needs: Emphasize methods and limitations if you are assessing research quality, or focus on results and discussion if you are preparing for a literature review.

  • Annotate actively: Flag key results, underline limitations, and mark questions for further exploration. Use color-coding or symbols to distinguish methods, results, and interpretations.

  • Consult external sources: Check cited references to clarify difficult points, add context, or compare perspectives.

  • Separate facts from interpretations: Clearly distinguish between what the data shows and how the authors interpret it.

  • Look for novelty: Identify what is genuinely new compared to prior studies, as this is often the main contribution worth highlighting.

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Writing: How do you craft a clear and critical summary?

  • Adapt the opening: Depending on your audience, begin with either a brief overview of the field or a focused statement of the research question and its importance.

  • Highlight the methodology: Point out the essential aspects of the methods that shaped the results. Avoid unnecessary technical detail unless it is central to your purpose.

  • Report results with nuance: Summarize the main findings clearly. Prioritize them in logical order and acknowledge any unexpected or contradictory outcomes without speculation.

  • Interpretation and critique: Include the author’s interpretation, but also evaluate it. Consider strengths, weaknesses, consistency between data and conclusions, and possible alternative explanations.

  • Discuss impact and implications: Go beyond reporting by analyzing how the research contributes to the field, what applications it may have, and what questions remain open. Where relevant, connect it to your own work or to broader societal issues.

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Improving: What enhancements can make your summary stronger?

  • Cite thoroughly: Reference not only the main article but also key works cited in it that are central to your analysis.

  • Use flexible formats: For personal notes, keep it brief. For peers, consider structured outlines, bullet-point takeaways, or a comparison table with columns such as “Key Findings, Strengths, Limitations.”

  • Create visual summaries: Use diagrams, concept maps, or tables to make complex relationships easier to grasp.

  • Engage with peers: Share and compare summaries in your group. Discuss differences in emphasis or interpretation to strengthen understanding and objectivity.

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Preventing: What common pitfalls should you avoid when summarizing?

  • Do not copy-paste phrases from the article, as this risks plagiarism and prevents real understanding.

  • Do not overload your summary with details, but focus on essentials.

  • Do not ignore limitations, since a good summary should reflect both strengths and weaknesses.

  • Do not lose objectivity by letting bias determine what you emphasize.

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Reviewing: Why is summarizing more than just condensing an article?

A strong summary does more than condense an article. It shows critical engagement, highlights what is new, and distinguishes clearly between data and interpretation. It acknowledges the author’s work while offering your own informed perspective. Summaries can serve as study tools for yourself, as discussion starters for peers, and as building blocks for literature reviews or group projects.

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How do you write a paper or scientific article?

How do you write a paper or scientific article?

From idea to conclusion: questions and answers on every step on the way

What should you do before you start writing a research paper or academic article?

What should you do before you start writing a research paper or academic article?

Prepping for your paper

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How do you clarify what is expected of you before writing a research paper?

You start by making sure you know exactly what the assignment or journal requires. That means you:

  • read the guidelines carefully and check details such as word count, formatting style, and reference system; for instance, an assignment might ask for “8–10 pages, double-spaced, in APA style with at least five peer-reviewed sources”

  • confirm what type of paper is expected — an argumentative essay needs you to take a position, while a lab report requires you to describe methods and present data

  • check whether extra elements are required, such as a cover page, figures, or an abstract

  • ask your teacher or supervisor directly when something is unclear, instead of assuming you know what is meant

By clarifying these points before you start, you prevent mistakes and avoid the frustration of rewriting later.

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What makes a research paper topic suitable (and how do you choose one)?

You look for a topic that is both manageable and engaging. A good topic is:

  • specific enough to explore in depth but not so narrow that you run out of material; for example, “climate change” is far too broad, but “the effects of urban heat islands on city planning in Paris” gives you clear boundaries

  • broad enough to have sufficient sources but not so personal or unique that no research exists; writing on “how my school cafeteria reduces food waste” may be interesting but will not give you enough academic literature to cite

  • aligned with your own interests, because motivation helps you stay focused over weeks of work

  • in line with the purpose of the assignment or journal scope

A topic that meets these conditions gives you both focus and enough room to build strong arguments.

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How can you check early on if enough reliable sources are available?

Before you fully commit, you test whether your topic has the right kind of literature. You do this by:

  • scanning academic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, or JSTOR to see what comes up when you search your keywords; if you type “mindfulness in schools” and find multiple peer-reviewed articles from the last five years, you know your topic is viable

  • checking that the sources are scholarly and recent; a 1985 article on social media is not useful, but a 2023 systematic review on digital well-being is

  • looking for a mix of primary sources (original studies, first-hand accounts) and secondary sources (reviews, analyses)

  • making a short list of the most promising articles or books so you have a foundation before you go deeper

This quick scan protects you from choosing a topic you cannot support with credible material.

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What is a thesis statement and why should you draft it before you write?

A thesis statement is the central claim of your paper, and drafting it early gives direction to your work. You:

  • write one or two sentences that state your main idea clearly; instead of “This paper is about climate change,” you might say, “This paper argues that local adaptation strategies are more effective than international agreements in reducing climate risks”

  • make sure the statement is specific rather than vague; “students with ADHD need support” is too general, but “separating students with ADHD into smaller classrooms improves concentration without lowering social integration” gives your reader a precise view of your argument

  • use your thesis as a filter during research: every source you consider should help you support or test that central claim

Even if you refine the wording later, having a working thesis from the start keeps you from drifting off-topic.

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How do you organize your sources and notes to avoid problems later?

You create a system early so you don’t lose time at the end. That means you:

  • record bibliographic details immediately and completely; instead of writing “Smith article,” you note “Smith, J. (2021). Effects of bilingualism. Journal of Language Research, 14(3), 221–240”

  • group notes by theme or argument rather than by source, so all points about “benefits of bilingualism” are together, even if they come from different authors

  • use a reference manager such as Zotero or Mendeley, or keep a structured spreadsheet or notebook if you prefer manual methods

  • always write down page numbers with quotations or data, so you can cite them correctly later

With this system in place, you avoid the stress of tracking down missing details just before your deadline.

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What tools and habits can help you stay structured while preparing?

You build structure into your preparation with both digital tools and steady habits. You can:

  • use reference managers to store sources and generate citations automatically

  • create an outline or a mind map that shows connections; for example, a mind map on “student stress” might branch into “academic pressure,” “financial worries,” and “family expectations,” giving you a clear visual structure

  • set up a simple folder system on your computer with separate places for drafts, notes, and articles, so you can always find your material

  • break the work into small steps, such as “find three sources today” or “summarize one article before lunch”

  • schedule regular short sessions, like 30 minutes a day, instead of waiting for one long block of time; for instance, reading one article per evening is easier than trying to cover ten in a weekend

These practices make your preparation steady, reduce stress, and allow you to enter the writing phase with a clear structure already in place.

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What is the abstract of a scientific article and how do you write it?

What is the abstract of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The abstract section of an academic article

An abstract is a brief summary of a scientific article, usually between 150 and 250 words.

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Key functions of an abstract

It highlights the essence of the research and serves several key purposes:

  • It helps readers decide whether the full article is relevant to their own work.

  • It allows researchers to identify useful sources during literature searches.

  • It enables databases to categorize and index articles for easy retrieval.

  • It gives authors the opportunity to condense their research into the most important points.

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Structure and components of the abstract section

Most abstracts follow a structured format. Common sections include:

  • Background: Outlines the research context and the problem being addressed.

  • Methods: Describes the research design, data collection, and analysis techniques.

  • Results: Summarizes the main findings in a clear and concise way.

  • Conclusions: Highlights the implications and contributions of the study.

Some journals may ask for variations of this structure, impose stricter word limits, or require additional elements such as keywords.

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Writing an effective abstract

When preparing an abstract, keep in mind the following principles:

  • Start strong: Open with a sentence that immediately conveys the focus of your research.

  • Show significance: Indicate why the research matters and what impact it may have.

  • Prioritize key findings: Present only the most important results—avoid unnecessary detail.

  • Use clear language: Keep it accessible, avoiding jargon and unfamiliar abbreviations.

  • Check carefully: Proofread for clarity, accuracy, and compliance with journal guidelines.

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Related resources

For a deeper understanding of scientific writing, see:

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What is the introduction of a scientific article and how do you write it?

What is the introduction of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The introduction section of an academic article

The introduction is the opening section of a scientific article. It connects general knowledge to the specific focus of the study, providing context, motivation, and direction. In short, it prepares the reader for what follows and explains why the research matters.

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Key functions of the introduction

An effective introduction should:

  • Establish context: Present the background of the topic, summarize existing knowledge, and point out gaps or open questions.

  • Motivate the research: Explain why the research is important and what impact it could have on the field.

  • Define the research question or hypothesis: Clearly state what the study seeks to answer or test.

  • Outline the study design: Briefly indicate how the research question will be addressed.

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How academics can use the introduction

For both authors and readers, the introduction serves several purposes:

  • Capture interest: Draw the reader in by presenting the research in a clear and engaging way.

  • Demonstrate expertise: Show awareness of the field and relevant literature.

  • Justify the study: Convince readers why the research is necessary and worthwhile.

  • Guide expectations: Provide a logical lead-in to the results and discussion.

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Tips for writing an effective introduction

When writing an introduction, consider the following principles:

  • Start broad, then narrow down: Move from general background to your specific research question.

  • Use key references: Cite relevant literature to support claims and establish credibility.

  • Keep language clear: Avoid unnecessary jargon and overly technical phrasing.

  • Maintain logical flow: Ensure smooth transitions and a clear structure.

  • Highlight novelty: Emphasize what is unique about the research and its potential contribution.

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Related resources

For more on structuring scientific articles, see:

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What is the methods section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

What is the methods section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The methods section of an academic article

The methods section is the blueprint of a scientific article. It describes in detail how the research was conducted, allowing readers to understand, evaluate, and replicate the study. This transparency is essential because it enables others to:

  • Understand the research process: Assess the validity and reliability of the findings.

  • Replicate the study: Confirm results or build on the work in future research.

  • Identify limitations: Recognize possible constraints in design, sampling, or analysis.

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Key functions of the methods section

A complete methods section should:

  • Describe the research design: Outline the study type (e.g., experimental, observational) and participant selection criteria.

  • Detail data collection: Explain instruments, procedures, and sampling techniques.

  • Explain data analysis: Specify the statistical tests or analytical approaches used.

  • Address ethics: Indicate ethical approvals and measures taken to ensure responsible conduct.

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How academics can use the methods section

For both readers and researchers, the methods section is valuable because it:

  • Ensures transparency and rigor: Builds trust and strengthens the credibility of results.

  • Supports collaboration and replication: Provides a clear foundation for others to build upon.

  • Demonstrates methodological expertise: Highlights attention to detail and research competence.

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Tips for writing an effective methods section

When preparing this section, keep in mind the following principles:

  • Organize logically: Present information in the order of the research process (design, data collection, analysis).

  • Be precise and detailed: Provide enough information for replication.

  • Remain objective: Focus on factual descriptions rather than interpretations.

  • Cite relevant references: Attribute established methods or adapted procedures.

  • Include ethical safeguards: Mention approvals and steps taken to protect participants.

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Related resources

For more guidance on structuring scientific articles, see:

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What is the results section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

What is the results section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The results section of a scientific article

The results section is the heart of a scientific article. It presents the outcomes of the research in an objective and structured way, without interpretation or discussion. This section allows readers to see the evidence on which later conclusions are based.

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Key functions of the results section

A clear results section should:

  • Present key findings: Summarize the main outcomes in direct relation to the research question or hypothesis.

  • Provide supporting evidence: Use tables, figures, and graphs to illustrate data and make patterns visible.

  • Highlight statistical results: Report the most relevant tests, measures, and significance levels.

  • Maintain objectivity: Focus on facts and avoid speculation—interpretation belongs in the discussion section.

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How academics can use the results section

For readers and researchers, the results section provides the foundation for critical analysis. It helps them:

  • Understand the main outcomes: Grasp the essence of what the study found.

  • Evaluate the evidence: Judge the strength of the findings based on data and statistical reporting.

  • Prepare for interpretation: Follow the results in a format that leads naturally into discussion and implications.

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Tips for writing an effective results section

When presenting results, consider these principles:

  • Organize logically: Structure results in line with your research questions or hypotheses.

  • Be concise: Focus on essential outcomes, avoiding repetition or unnecessary details.

  • Use clear language: Report findings accurately and without jargon.

  • Integrate visuals effectively: Ensure tables, figures, and graphs are clear, well-labeled, and easy to interpret.

  • Emphasize key statistics: Draw attention to significant and relevant results.

  • Stay consistent: Apply uniform terminology and formatting throughout.

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Related resources

For more on structuring scientific articles, see:

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What is the discussion section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

What is the discussion section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The discussion section of a scientific article

The discussion section is the culmination of a scientific article. It interprets the findings, places them in context, and connects the study to the broader field of knowledge. In this way, it acts as a bridge between specific results and the wider scientific landscape.

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Key functions of the discussion section

A strong discussion should:

  • Interpret the findings: Explain what the results mean in relation to the research question or hypothesis.

  • Relate to existing literature: Compare results with earlier studies, noting agreements, differences, and new contributions.

  • Acknowledge limitations: Identify any design, data, or analytical constraints that may influence conclusions.

  • Propose future directions: Suggest how future studies could build on the findings.

  • Draw conclusions: Summarize the implications of the research clearly and concisely.

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How academics can use the discussion section

For readers and researchers, the discussion provides:

  • Critical analysis: Goes beyond reporting results by explaining their meaning and significance.

  • Insight into contributions: Shows how the study advances knowledge, theory, or practice.

  • Engagement with the field: Offers interpretations that spark reflection and discussion in the wider community.

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Tips for writing an effective discussion section

When writing the discussion, keep these principles in mind:

  • Begin with a summary: Briefly restate the most important findings.

  • Connect back to the introduction: Link interpretations to the original research question or hypothesis.

  • Address findings systematically: Discuss each major result and its implications.

  • Support interpretations with evidence: Use references and your own data to strengthen arguments.

  • Acknowledge limitations: Be transparent about constraints and their possible impact.

  • Suggest next steps: Point to future research that could expand or test your conclusions.

  • End with clear conclusions: State the overall implications concisely.

  • Stay objective and coherent: Avoid speculation and maintain a logical flow throughout.

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Related resources

For more on scientific article structure, see:

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What is the conclusion section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

What is the conclusion section of a scientific article and how do you write it?

The conclusion section of an academic article

The conclusion section is often the final part of a scientific article. It synthesizes the key findings and interpretations, linking the study back to the broader field. A strong conclusion leaves the reader with a clear sense of the research’s significance and impact.

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Key functions of the conclusion section

An effective conclusion should:

  • Reiterate key findings: Restate the most important outcomes without repeating the results in detail.

  • Summarize main interpretations: Condense the meaning and significance of the findings in relation to the research question or hypothesis.

  • Draw final conclusions: Present clear statements about the implications of the study.

  • Highlight broader impact: Indicate how the work contributes to the field, theory, practice, or future research.

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How academics can use the conclusion section

The conclusion helps readers and researchers to:

  • Form a lasting impression: Understand the importance and contribution of the study.

  • See synthesis and insight: Recognize how the author connects results, interpretations, and implications.

  • Engage further: Reflect on open questions and potential directions for future work.

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Tips for writing an effective conclusion section

When drafting conclusions, consider these principles:

  • Be concise and focused: Keep the section short and avoid redundancy.

  • Connect back to the introduction: Relate the conclusions to the original research question or hypothesis.

  • Use clear and objective language: Avoid speculation or personal opinion.

  • Acknowledge limitations briefly: Mention constraints without overshadowing the main contributions.

  • End with a strong final statement: Leave readers with a clear and compelling takeaway.

  • Ensure logical flow: Guide the reader smoothly from findings to final message.

  • Follow journal guidelines: Adhere to formatting, length, and structural requirements.

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Related resources

For broader guidance on scientific writing and summaries with scientific articles, see:

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How can you check the quality of your scientific article or paper?

How can you check the quality of your scientific article or paper?

Checking the quality of your scientific article

Assessing the quality of a scientific article is an essential step before submitting it for review or publication. Strong academic writing is not only about correct language use but also about clarity, coherence, structure, credibility, and contribution to the field. Depending on your level of experience, different strategies will help you evaluate and improve your work.

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For beginners

  • Write clearly and correctly: Ensure your writing is concise, grammatically accurate, and uses simple sentence structures with precise vocabulary.

  • Formulate a clear research question: Make it specific, neutral, and well-structured, breaking it into logical sub-questions with well-supported answers.

  • Stay neutral in claims: Avoid exaggeration and only report what your data demonstrates.

  • Keep structure straightforward: Use a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, with each paragraph focusing on a single main idea.

  • Use available resources: Consult writing centers, style manuals, and tools such as grammar and plagiarism checkers.

  • Seek constructive feedback: Ask instructors, tutors, or peers to review your work and offer comments.

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For intermediate writers

  • Go beyond summarizing: Engage critically with your findings and include alternative viewpoints.

  • Test your arguments: Check whether claims are convincing, well-supported, and balanced, and consider possible counterarguments.

  • Check section coherence: Ensure the introduction sets up expectations, methods explain your approach, results provide answers, and discussion interprets them.

  • Balance your sections: Avoid making one part overly detailed while leaving others too thin.

  • Refine your style: Use varied sentence structures and advanced vocabulary while maintaining clarity and a formal tone.

  • Strengthen transitions: Improve flow with linking words and phrases that show logical progression.

  • Cite properly: Follow citation standards accurately and rely on credible, relevant sources.

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For advanced writers

  • Develop your scholarly voice: Present original perspectives grounded in your expertise and research.

  • Adapt to your audience: Adjust style, tone, and depth according to the target journal or readership.

  • Highlight contribution: Show how your findings advance the field and what implications they carry for future work.

  • Ensure reproducibility: Provide enough methodological detail so others could replicate your study.

  • Follow ethical and journal standards: Confirm compliance with ethical approvals, participant consent, and submission guidelines.

  • Seek expert critique: Consult colleagues, reviewers, or editors for in-depth feedback.

  • Stay up to date: Continue learning by reading widely, attending workshops, and following new trends in writing.

  • Polish your manuscript: Proofread carefully, unify terminology, and maintain consistency in formatting and reporting.

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Universal practices (all levels)

  • Summarize in one sentence: Explain your article simply to a non-expert; if they understand it, it is clear enough for experts too.

  • Read your work aloud: Detect clumsy sentences, unclear transitions, or missing logic.

  • Proofread thoroughly: Check grammar, punctuation, spelling, and formatting before submission.

  • Take breaks: Step away to gain perspective and spot weaknesses more easily.

  • Practice regularly: Build confidence and sharpen skills through consistent writing.

  • Stay motivated: Treat writing as a learning journey, and let curiosity about your topic keep you engaged.

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How to Write an Academic Article - A Guide for Advanced Academics

How to Write an Academic Article - A Guide for Advanced Academics

Academic article

Do you need to write an academic paper? Do you have a lot to tell the world but are you not sure on how to go about doing so structured and well organized? This hero shows how you could structure your text. Enjoy!

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40 paragraphs

The article will consist of roughly 40 paragraphs. Five of them will provide the introductory and concluding remarks. Five of them will establish a general, human background. Five of them will state the theory that informs the analysis. Five of them will state the method by which the data was gathered. The analysis (or 'results' section) will make roughly three overarching claims (that support the main thesis) in three five-paragraph sections. The implications of the research will be outlined in five paragraphs. These are ball-park figures, not hard and fast rules, but 'knowing' something for academic purposes means being able to articulate yourself in roughly these proportions.

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    The First Three Paragraphs

It is difficult to overstate the importance of a good introduction. If your reader does not have a good sense of your argument by the end of the third paragraph (before reading the 600th word), there is something seriously wrong with your paper. Or, perhaps more tellingly, if you are unable to outline your argument straightforwardly and clearly in three paragraphs, you will be unable to write a good paper. When I talk about what a scholarly article is, I always use the opportunity to sketch 'the ideal introduction'. It consists of exactly three paragraphs and no more than six-hundred words.

The first paragraph tells us about the world we are living in. This should obviously be the world that your paper helps us to better understand. It's the world that needs to be understood in precisely the way you understand it. But in this paragraph we (your readers) don't want this understanding, we just want a recognizable description of the world we share with you. Talk to us like we only need to be reminded that this is where we live. It should be familiar to us and based on widely available sources. While you should avoid the letter of a statement like 'We live in a world of ...' or 'Ours is an age of ...', this is very much the spirit of the first paragraph. It's a time for commonplaces; it provides a shared place for you and your readers. In an important sense, you are here describing the practices that

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SPOTLIGHT

Summaries: the best scientific articles summarized per field of study

Summaries: the best scientific articles summarized per field of study

The best scientific articles summarized per field of study

What is this page about?

  • Type: summaries of scientific articles and academic papers
  • Area: business and economics, education and pedagogic science, psychology and behavioral sciences, health and medicine, law and administration
  • Language: English
  • Access: public + partly exclusive (for who has full online access)

Where to go next?

How can you get to your summaries?

  • Scroll to one of the article guides that you see per study field or working area and click on the guide to open it
  • Select the article summary or article guide that you are looking for
  • Click on the summary or guide and start exploring, learning and enhancing your projects!
Summaries: the best scientific articles for business and economics summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for communication and marketing summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for education and pedagogic science summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for international relations and international studies summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for IT, logistics and technology summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for medicine and health care summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for nature and environmental sciences summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for psychology and behavioral sciences summarized
Summaries: the best scientific articles for research, science and statistics summarized
Samenvattingen: de beste artikelen samengevat per studie en studierichting
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Theme pages: for getting study results and preparing for exams

Theme pages: for getting study results and preparing for exams

Theme pages for getting study results and preparing for exams

Attend college and study in working groups - Theme
Gain and improve academic skills - Theme
Getting study results and preparing for exams - Theme
Reading and studying scientific articles - Theme
Statistics: summaries and study assistance - Theme
Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
Using summaries, textbooks and study books - Theme
Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance

Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance

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Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance

Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance

Theme pages for summaries and study assistance

Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
Anthropology and ethnology - Theme
Business and Economics - Theme
International relations and international organizations - Theme
IT and technology - Theme
Law and public administration - Theme
Communication, marketing, pr and sales - Theme
Medicine and healthcare - Theme
Pedagogy and education - Theme
Psychology and behavorial sciences - Theme
Statistics: summaries and study assistance - Theme
Society and culture - Theme
Theme pages: for getting study results and preparing for exams

Theme pages: for getting study results and preparing for exams

Thema's: voor samenvattingen en studiehulp

Thema's: voor samenvattingen en studiehulp

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Getting study results and preparing for exams - Theme
Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
Crossroads: activities
Crossroad: goals

SPOTLIGHT NL

Samenvattingen: de beste artikelen samengevat per studie en studierichting

Samenvattingen: de beste artikelen samengevat per studie en studierichting

Artikelsamenvattingen per studie en studierichting

Waar gaat deze pagina over?

  • Soort: samenvattingen van wetenschappelijke artikelen en academische papers
  • Gebieden o.a.: criminologie, geneeskunde, maatschappij en cultuur, pedagogiek, psychologie, rechtsgeleerdheid, vrije tijd en sport 
  • Taal: Nederlands
  • Toegang: openbaar, deels exclusief (voor wie volledig online toegang heeft)

Waar kan je hierna heen?

Hoe kan je verder naar je samenvattingen?

  • Scrol naar een van de artikelgidsen die je per studiegebied of werkveld ziet aangegeven, en klik op de artikelgids op deze te openen
  • Selecteer de artikelsamenvatting of artikelgids waarnaar je zoekt
  • Klik op de artikelsamenvatting of artikelgids en start met verkennen, leren en versterken!
Samenvattingen: de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen voor criminologie en crimineel gedrag samengevat
Samenvattingen: de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen voor geneeskunde en medicijnen samengevat
Samenvattingen: de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen voor maatschappij, cultuur en sociale studies samengevat
Samenvattingen: de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen voor pedagogiek en onderwijs samengevat
Samenvattingen: de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen voor psychologie en gedrag samengevat
Samenvattingen: de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen voor recht en bestuur samengevat
Samenvattingen: de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen voor vrije tijd, sport en toerisme samengevat
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Summaries: Study Guide with scientific articles per college or institution in the Netherlands

Summaries: Study Guide with scientific articles per college or institution in the Netherlands

Study Guide with scientific articles per college or institution

Summaries and study assistance with scientific articles per college or institution

  • scientific articles per college or institution in the following cities:
    • Groningen
    • Leiden
    • Utrecht
  • See the supporting content of this study guide
Study Guide with article summaries for Psychology Bachelor 1 at the University of Groningen
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Psychologie Bachelor 2 aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Study Guide with article summaries for Psychology Bachelor 3 at the University of Groningen
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Pedagogiek Bachelor 1 aan de Universiteit Leiden
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Pedagogiek Bachelor 3 aan de Universiteit Leiden
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Psychologie Bachelor 2 aan de Universiteit Leiden
Study Guide with article summaries for Elective courses Psychology Bachelor 2 & 3 at Leiden University
Study Guide with article summaries for Specialisation courses Psychology Bachelor 2 & 3 at Leiden University
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Psychologie Bachelor 1 aan de Universiteit Utrecht
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Psychologie Bachelor 2 aan de Universiteit Utrecht
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Keuzevakken Sociale Wetenschappen aan de Universiteit Utrecht
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Pedagogiek Bachelor 1 aan de Universiteit Utrecht
Studiegids voor artikelsamenvattingen bij Pedagogiek Bachelor 2 aan de Universiteit Utrecht
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Tentamens: samenvattingen en studietips over leren, studeren en tentamens maken

Tentamens: samenvattingen en studietips over leren, studeren en tentamens maken

Samenvattingen, suggesties en tips over leren, studeren en tentamens maken en halen

Academische Vaardigheden: schrijfvaardigheden - Bundel
Samenvatting: Taaltopics Argumenteren

Samenvatting: Taaltopics Argumenteren

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1. Belangrijke begrippen bij argumenteren

In dit eerste hoofdstuk van het boek Taaltopics: Argumenteren worden de belangrijkste begrippen met betrekking tot argumenteren uitgelegd.

Definitie argumentatie

Argumentatie is een samenstel van uitspraken waarbij een of meer uitspraken ter ondersteuning van een andere uitspraak (het standpunt) naar voren worden gebracht met het kennelijke doel anderen van dat standpunt te overtuigen.

(C. Braas, E. van der Geest en A. de Schepper (derde druk, 2006), Taaltopics. Argumenteren (Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen – Houten), p. 16)

De gerichtheid op anderen is bij deze definitie een essentieel onderdeel. Je probeert anderen ergens van te overtuigen. Dit is gelukt wanneer de ander zwijgt, geen tegenargumenten geeft en geen kritische vragen stelt.

Er valt onderscheid te maken tussen twee soorten uitspraken: standpunten en argumenten. Een standpunt is een uitspraak waarbij je de ander van de waarheid probeert te overtuigen. Standpunten hoeven niet subjectief te zijn. Een feitelijke uitspraak kan ook een standpunt zijn, mits deze door de ander betwist wordt. Een argument is een uitspraak waarmee je het standpunt onderbouwt. Een standpunt en een argument of meerdere argumenten samen wordt argumentatie genoemd.

Bij argumentatie horen ook redeneringen. Dit zijn uitspraken die de standpunten en argumenten aan elkaar koppelen. Ze liggen als het ware ten grondslag aan de argumentatie. Een argument plus een verbindende uitspraak leidt tot een bepaalde conclusie. Vaak worden redeneringen echter niet uitgesproken (of opgeschreven).

In het volgende voorbeeld wordt duidelijk wat een redenering is:

Volgens mij kan je beter geen magnetronmaaltijden eten (standpunt). In een test van Radar werd laatst aangetoond dat deze erg ongezond zijn (argument). Als Radar voeding als ongezond beoordeelt, dan kan je het maar beter niet eten (verbindende uitspraak).

Het komt ook voor dat het argument of het standpunt wordt weggelaten in de argumentatie. Dit is mogelijk wanneer het publiek het weggelaten gedeelte in gedachten kan aanvullen.

Soorten argumentatie

Een betoog bestaat uit een combinatie van argumenten. Deze combinatie kent meestal een bepaalde structuur: enkelvoudig, meervoudig, nevenschikkend, of onderschikkend.

Enkelvoudig: Er is sprake van een standpunt en een argument.

argument standpunt

Meervoudig: Het standpunt wordt onderbouwd met meerdere argumenten. Door meerdere argumenten in te brengen, zal je een ander beter kunnen overtuigen. Hierbij moet je uitkijken dat je alle argumenten niet in één keer geeft. Dit komt ongeloofwaardig over. Bovendien is het beter om een aantal argumenten achter de hand te houden.

argument 1

argument 2 standpunt

argument 3

Nevenschikkend: Hierbij is er geen sprake van één of meerdere argumenten, maar van deelargumenten. Een deelargument is op.....read more

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Vaardigheden: de beste studieboeken over academische vaardigheden samengevat

Vaardigheden: de beste studieboeken over academische vaardigheden samengevat

Tentamens: startbundel
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Thema's: voor samenvattingen en studiehulp

Thema's: voor samenvattingen en studiehulp

Themapagina's voor samenvattingen en studiehulp per studie en vakgebied in het Nederlands

Arresten en jurisprudentie: uittreksels en studiehulp - Thema
Psychologie en gedrag - Thema
Recht en bestuur - Thema
Samenvattingen en studiehulp - Start
Statistiek en onderzoek - Thema
Thema's: samenvattingen en studiehulp per instelling:

Thema's: samenvattingen en studiehulp per instelling:

Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance

Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance

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Using summaries, textbooks and study books - Theme

EXPLAINED

WorldSupporter FAQ: how to WorldSupporter, join and sign up?

WorldSupporter FAQ: how to WorldSupporter, join and sign up?

Joining JoHo WorldSupporter and using the tools and services on JoHo WorldSupporter

WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

What is 'WorldSupporter'?

  • JoHo WorldSupporter is the online platform where individuals and organizations inspire and help each other on a local and global level
  • You can share and find everything you need to help another, travel responsibly, study well, develop yourself and work for an organization that creates a better world
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What is a 'WorldSupporter account and Profile'?

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  • Your WorldSupporter profile:
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What do you need to do to join, register and get started?

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Join JoHo WorldSupporter >>

WorldSupporter: About & FAQ
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WorldSupporter FAQ: how to WorldSupporter, join and sign up?
WorldSupporter: what is the JoHo WorldSupporter mission, vision and concept?

WorldSupporter: what is the JoHo WorldSupporter mission, vision and concept?

 

Discover The World of JoHo..

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What is the JoHo mission, vision and concept?

Mission & Vision

  • JoHo wants to enable people and organizations to develop and collaborate better, thereby contributing to a tolerant, tolerant and sustainable world.
  • Support is provided for personal development and international collaboration is stimulated via online platforms and physical support centers.

Concept

  • As a JoHo donor, subscriber or insured you support the objectives of JoHo. JoHo then supports you with tools, coaching and benefits in the field of personal development and international activities.
  • JoHo's core services are: study assistance, competence development, coaching and insurance mediation when you leave abroad.
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What is the JoHo target group?

Core target groups

  • Travelers, volunteers, workers, emigrants, and everyone involved in the world around them.
  • Young people, students, interns, and anyone who wants to develop themselves further.
  • Projects, initiatives and organizations that are committed to international cooperation.
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What are the core JoHo themes?

  • Personal development: Learning, Studying, Working, Applying, Entrepreneurship, Initiating.
  • International cooperation: Help, Travel, Arrange, Emigrate, Immigrate & Inspire.
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How can JoHo support you?

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  • JoHo donors make it possible for JoHo to have been committed to successful projects in the field of development cooperation, knowledge sharing and talent development for years. Anyone who supports JoHo can also contribute to the projects and make use of knowledge, decision aid and discounts.
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What have JoHo and JoHo donors already achieved?

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What does the World of JoHo consist of?

  • JoHo WorldSupporter: The JoHo platform for those who also want to do something for others, an online community and marketplace for global citizens, volunteers and involved companies.
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How can you use JoHo?

  • You can explore the World of JoHo through JoHo support centers, the online platforms and the events.
  • Visit a JoHo World Experience Center, make an online discovery trip, visit JoHo at an event, or contact us by phone.
  • Read about cooperation with and services of JoHo
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What is the meaning of the term JoHo?

  • The term JoHo has had multiple meanings over the years. Today, reference is made to a more than 2,000-year-old quote from Ashoka. On the banks of the Ganges, the Indian visionary and ruler Ashoka tried to convince his people that all peoples on earth are equal and can learn from each other: "Life is a Journey to Open-mindedness, Helpfulness and Optimism."
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WorldSupporter: what is the choice in memberships, and what kind of online access is available?

WorldSupporter: what is the choice in memberships, and what kind of online access is available?

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What forms of registration are possible and what kind of online access is available:

1  - Create a free WorldSupporter Profile.

2 - Join as a JoHo WorldSupporter member with basic services

  • You can join WorldSupporter as a JoHo member to get access to basic services
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WorldSupporter FAQ: how to WorldSupporter, join and sign up?
WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org
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WorldSupporter: register with JoHo WorldSupporter
WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

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How can you use JoHo WorldSupporter?

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How do you get full online access to all summaries and exclusives on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

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WorldSupporter NL: hoe krijg je volledige online toegang voor samenvattingen en services op JoHo WorldSupporter.org?
WorldSupporter: register with JoHo WorldSupporter
WorldSupporter: aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter
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WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

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When you support JoHo...

by joining as a JoHo member

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  • You can become a JoHo member by contributing €5.00 per calendar year

through the purchase of JoHo subscription services

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by taking out (travel or health) insurance

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  • You pay less premium and you are able to use the services and discounts of a JoHo subscription for free 
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....then JoHo will support you...

with choice assistance & advice

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...and together we support worldsupporters and projects

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How to choose and purchase a JoHo subscription services

Purchasing JoHo subscription services

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How does registering, logging in & creating a password work

  • As a new JoHo member you automatically receive an online account at joho.org, which you can activate with a link that you will receive in your mailbox

Read more at

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Are you able to become a member without an IBAN/SEPA bank account?

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What are the rules and guidelines?

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What is your JoHo number?

  • You can find your JoHo number at your My JoHo page as soon as you are logged in at joho.org
  • You need your JoHo number, for example, for obtaining the discounts on insurances, summaries, and at partner organisations
  • Have you lost your JoHo number? Please contact JoHo via the online contact forms or log in at joho.org and you will find your JoHo number at your account page on JoHo.org

 

Join & Register (via JoHo.org)

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WorldSupporter: register with JoHo WorldSupporter
WorldSupporter: aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter
WorldSupporter: About & FAQ
WorldSupporter: what to do to cooperate and connect with JoHo WorldSupporter as an organization?

WorldSupporter: what to do to cooperate and connect with JoHo WorldSupporter as an organization?

Cooperate and connect with JoHo WorldSupporter

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Cooperating with JoHo: supporting JoHo

Barterdeals

  • With a lot of organizations JoHo cooperates on a barter deal basis. This is a type of partnership where none of the two organizations pays or charges fees, or where the lowest possible fees are calculated
  • Starting-point within this kind of deals is that organizations work cost neutral and organizations exchange equally: advertorial-advertorial, banner-banner, flyer-flyer, etc

Sponsoring

  • Organizations can sponsor JoHo initiatives like World Supporter and The World Summary Bank
  • Organizations can sponsor JoHo partner initiatives like Smokey Projects

Subsidy requests

  • JoHo is a non-profit organization with limited usage of subsidy facilities
  • JoHo is always willing to take a look at joint subsidy requests, as long as there is a focus on talent development and international cooperation

Link exchange

  • Link exchanges are possible, JoHo has a special link exchange page
  • Most of all links are being exchanged with organizations offering a special value or discount for JoHo members

Media and JoHo logos

  • Are you thinking about supporting JoHo and promoting JoHo among your clients or visitors?
  • Please use JoHo logos, banners and texts of JoHo's media page

Interested?

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Cooperating with JoHo: being supported by JoHo

Foundations & Social Enterprises

  • If you run a foundation and/or social enterprise, please make use of JoHo's free Barter Membership system
  • Under this system, fees and costs have been reduced considerably to facilitate a lot of smaller (and sometimes bigger) colleague organizations making use of The World of JoHo
  • With a free Barter Membership also organizations with smaller budgets can profit from exposure in JoHo channels and JoHo facilities
  • Channels and facilities are being offered at, or sometimes even under, cost price

Projects aimed at International Development

  • If you run an international development project or business, please make use of JoHo's Barter Membership system and/or use JoHo's free World Supporter platform
  • Are you an individual JoHo member? You can support your favorite international aid project through your membership, by transferring facilities and services of your membership to this organization

Media

  • With several media JoHo partners on a barterdeal basis. This is a type of partnership where none of the two organizations pays or charges fees, or where the lowest possible fees are calculated
  • Starting-point within this kind of deals is that organizations work cost neutral and organizations exchange equally: advertorial-advertorial, banner-banner, flyer-flyer, etc

Student organizations

  • Do you run or participate in a student organization? Please make use of JoHo's Barter Membership system to promote your organization in JoHo channels

Interested?

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Cooperating with JoHo: insurances through JoHo

JoHo & Insurance cooperation

Comprehensive product range

  • JoHo is one of the few organizations where you can directly purchase a comprehensive range of foreign insurances from a variety of insurers. As with our other products and services, we believe that you should be able to choose between the best, the most cost-effective and the most specialized insurance

Combinations possible

  • JoHo offers various possibilities from combining insurances to assisting in transferring from one insurer to another

No price difference

  • When you purchase an insurance policy through JoHo, you will not pay anymore than if you had purchased it directly from the insurer. Sometimes (through special collective agreements) you will pay even less

Extra support

  • JoHo offers support with problems that may arise with the insurer. Sometimes disagreement with claims, cancellation notice or insurance premiums can occur. In this situation it helps if you have the assistance of an organization who has an established relationship with the insurer

Experience:

  • JoHo Insurances has been working with international health insurance providers since many years

Options

Insurances for travelers, intern, volunteering or working holidays abroad

  • If you run an organization and are looking for an opportunity to insure yourself, your colleagues or your clients properly, you can benefit through JoHo from 'expertise', 'discount' or 'fee' advantages

Insurances for working and living abroad

  • If you run an organization and are looking for an opportunity to insure yourself, your colleagues or your clients properly, you can get free advice and/or make use of JoHo's expatservice

Interested?

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Cooperating with JoHo: benefits from JoHo's World Supporter platform

WorldSupporter

  • The tool for anyone who wants tot share experiences with his or her friends
  • The platform for anyone who wants to inspire other global and involved Supporters and World Supporting organizations

Using WorldSupporter

  • If you run a project aimed at talent development or international cooperation, please use the WorldSupporter platform to get free attention and exposure
  • If you work for an organization involved in mediation for volunteer projects or internships you can profile your activities on the WorldSupporter platform
  • If you joined an internship or volunteer organization as a client and want to support your organization, you can promote them by starting an Experience magazine, blogging, sharing photos, vacancies, etc. Promote your organization for free, and inspire others!

Interested?

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WorldSupporter: what to do to solve and prevent a problem with your account, login, online access or password

WorldSupporter: what to do to solve and prevent a problem with your account, login, online access or password

Most common problems and solutions

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    No account on WorldSupporter.org?

    • Your account and login on WorldSupporter.org is separate from your account on JoHo.org due to digital security and the different roles of both websites.
    • With your account on WorldSupporter.org you can also create your own content and put it on the website. With your account on JoHo.org you have insight into your subscriptions, memberships and insurances.
    • Go to the create account page: 'Join WorldSupporter', where you can create an account and profile for WorldSupporter.org.
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    Not able to fill in all required fields by creating an account on WorldSupporter.org?

    To create an account on WorldSupporter you have to fill in following required fields:

    • Username
      • Spaces are allowed; punctuation is not allowed except for periods, hyphens, apostrophes, and underscores.
    • E-mail Address:
      • use an existing e-mail address,
      • for access to content for JoHo members and exclusives you need to use the same e-mail adress as when you registered on JoHo.org
    • First Name:
      • same rules as for your username
    • Last name:
      • same rules as for your username
    • Are you a JoHo WorldSupporter Member?:
      • When you are not a JoHo member, you select: "I am not a JoHo WorldSupporter member yet"
      • When you are a JoHo member (donateur), you select: "I am a JoHo WorldSupporter member without extra services"
      • When you are a JoHo member with extra services (abonnee), you select: "I am a JoHo WorldSupporter member with extra services and online access"
      • When you don not know which membership you have:  go to www.JoHo.org, log in and check on you account page you will see which membership is mentioned (or check the confirmation e-mail, which is sent after you filled in the membership form on joho.org)
    • WorldSupportership!:
      • Fill in at least one activity in the field of helping out another or your surroundings
    • Profile Picture:
      • Upload your profile picture :
        • files must be less than 2 MB.
        • Allowed file types: png, jpg, jpeg.
      • crop your picture (adjust within the margin)
      • save your picture
    • Follow content of your favorite subject or organization on your own profile:
      • Select your favorite subject or organization to follow on your profile by typing the name of the country, topic or organization of your choice
      • Examples include your student organization, your working field or your country of interest.
      • Use only 1 subject or organisation!
    • Privacy:
      • choose who can see your profile and account page
    • Create new account (button):
      • Click to save and go the confirmation e-mail to activate your account with the confirmation link
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    Not able to create your account with an error message?

    • Are you already a JoHo member (donor or subscriber): then use the same e-mail address as when you registered at JoHo.org (you also use that e-mail address for logging into joho.org).
    • Do you get the message that the e-mail address is already in use: then use the 'forgot password' option to regain access to your account.
    • Switch browsers or devices. If it doesn't work in another browser either, try again later or contact JoHo WorldSupporter
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    Not activated your account on WorldSupporter.org?

    • After you create an account on WorldSupporter.org by filling in the form and pushing the 'create account' button, you receive e-mail for the necessary confirmation link
    • By clicking this link or copying and pasting it to your browser you log in once and will lead you to visit a page where you can set your password.
    • After setting your password, you will be able to log in at https://www.worldsupporter.org/user
    • After you logged in for the first time, you can complete your account and profile page
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    Not able to login?

    • Go to the login page to log in, or use the "log in" link at the top right of the menu, visible on every page.
    • Instead of your username, you can also login with your e-mail address.
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    Not able to log in after you receive and use the confirmation link?

    • Go to the login page to log in, or use the "log in" link at the top right of the menu, visible on every page.
    • Choose 'request new password'.
    • You will then receive a link that allows you to log in and be redirected directly to a page where you need to set a new password.
    • If this does not work out you can contact JoHo WorldSupporter
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    Not able to remember, set or use your password?

    • Instead of your username, you can also login with your e-mail address.
    • Forgot your password? Click on the 'Log in' link at the top right of any page and choose 'request new password'.
    • You will then receive a link that allows you to log in and be redirected directly to a page where you need to set a new password..
    • Please enter a new password immediately, the link you receive is only valid for 1 day
    • Please note that your password is case sensitive, so please check that Caps Lock is on or off.
    • If the problems with your password persist, try logging in with another browser (e.g. Firefox or Chrome etc, depending on what you have already tried, ) and/or disable your password manager function if you are using it.
    • In an exceptional case, a maintenance activity may have taken place, try again later or contact WorldSupporter
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    Being able to log in, but still not able to read all exclusive content or summaries?

    • Make sure you are a JoHo member with extra service and online access
      • As a member without extra services (<10 euro yearly) you will not have be able to read exclusive content
      • If you want to upgrade your membership  (10 euro yearly or more) to read exclusive content access  you can: change your membership
      • If you are not a member yet, you can: become a member
    • Make sure you selected the right access on your WorldSupporter account
      • go to your account (profile) page
      • press the "Edit profile' button
      • go to 'Profile'
      • go to the field 'Are you a JoHo WorldSupporter Member?
        • choose the right access : 'JoHo WorldSupporter member with full online access'
      • press the button 'Save' at the end of you page
    • If this does not work out you can contact JoHo WorldSupporter
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    Access to all shared materials, but suddenly no longer?

    • If you suddenly lost access to shared materials that you previously had access to, one of the following situations may apply:
      • The e-mail address of your WorldSupporter account is not the same as that of your member registration.
      • The direct debit for your membership has failed.
      • A supporter has chosen to set the access level of the shared material to 'JoHo WorldSupporter member with full access' and you are not yet a 'JoHo WorldSupporter member with full online access'.
    • To indicate that you wish to register a second email address with your JoHo membership, please log in to joho.org and fill in the form for adjustments on JoHo.org
    • If a direct debit has failed, you will be contacted by JoHo WorldSupporter, please check your spam folder to see if you have missed a message.
    • Make sure you are a JoHo member with extra service and online access and that you selected the right access on your WorldSupporter account
    • If you continue to experience problems, please contact WorldSupporter, stating the specific pages you want to use and, if possible, the error message you receive.
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    No access the private or public content?

    • Private content is visible for you (the author) in the 'My Collection' section of your personal user page only and is great for drafts or notes to yourself
      • If you have trouble accessing your private content, you can check whether you are logged in at the top right of JoHo WorldSupporter. If you are not yet logged in, you can try to log in and visit your private content again
      • If you have trouble accessing your private content once you are logged in, you can contact JoHo WorldSupporter via the contact form with a description of the page you want to visit
    • Public content is visible for all visitors of WorldSupporter
      • If you have trouble accessing public content, you can check your internet connection. If your internet connection is down, you can try to visit the page later, with a better internet connection.
      • If you have trouble accessing public content with a working internet connection, you can check the access level of the page you try to visit. Authors can change the access level of their content
      • If you keep experiencing problems with accessing the public content, please contact JoHo WorldSupporter via the contact form with a description of the page you want to visit
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    WorldSupporter: aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter
    WorldSupporter: toolkit for adding and using content on WorldSupporter
    WorldSupporter: About & FAQ
    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about adding content and reactions

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about adding content and reactions

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about your WorldSupporter account

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about your WorldSupporter account

    WorldSupporter FAQ about creating and managing a WorldSupporter account and profile page

    Access: 
    Public
    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

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    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    How to join JoHo WorldSupporter, and how to use summaries and study notes on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

    WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

    WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

    Image

    How can you use JoHo WorldSupporter?

    1. You can create a free account and follow your favorite subject or supporters (without extra services or online access to exclusives)
    2. You can join as WorldSupporter member to get access to basic services (without extra services or online access to exclusives)
    3. You can join as WorldSupporter member with extra services and online access to extra services and online access to exclusives: see also below

    How do you get full online access to all summaries and exclusives on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

    • Procedure:

      • 1 - Go to JoHo.org/en/joinjoho, and join JoHo WorldSupporter by choosing a membership with online access
      • 2 - Return to WorldSupporter.org and create an account with the same email address
      • 3 - State your JoHo WorldSupporter Membership during the creation of your account
      • 4 - Choose your favorite study, student organization or topic during the creation of your account

    • Start using the services:

      • You have online access to all free + all exclusive summaries and study notes on WorldSupporter.org and JoHo.org
      • You can use all services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org
      • You can make use of the tools for work abroad, long journeys, voluntary work, internships and study abroad

    Already an account?

    • In case you have previously created a WorldSupporter account then, after registering with JoHo, you can change your status on your WorldSupporter account to membership with full online access. Edit your account and see under 'Profile' for the change.
    • Note: Again, you must have used the same email address.

    Become JoHo WorldSupporter member >>

    WorldSupporter NL: hoe krijg je volledige online toegang voor samenvattingen en services op JoHo WorldSupporter.org?
    WorldSupporter: register with JoHo WorldSupporter
    WorldSupporter: aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter
    Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
    WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

    WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

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    When you support JoHo...

    by joining as a JoHo member

    • By joining JoHo as a member, you support JoHo in all its activities in the areas of international cooperation and talent development
    • You can become a JoHo member by contributing €5.00 per calendar year

    through the purchase of JoHo subscription services

    • You can obtain JoHo subscription services for €10, €15,00 or €20.00 per calendar year for extra services and discounts

    by taking out (travel or health) insurance

    • By applying for a travel or health insurance via JoHo you do not only support JoHo, but also yourself
    • You pay less premium and you are able to use the services and discounts of a JoHo subscription for free 
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    ....then JoHo will support you...

    with choice assistance & advice

    • concerning work, travel, study, inspiration and emigration

    with organization profiles & vacancies

    • for full time jobs, part time jobs, volunteer work, internships, and work experience positions at home or abroad

    with summaries & study support

    • such as printed and online study books, textbooks, professional literature, exams & practice questions, lecture notes, terms and readers

    with discounts on items & gifts

    • concerning travel, study, work, inspiration and emigration

    with discounts on activities & projects

    • such as air travel, holidays, volunteer work, language courses, and travelling 

    with discounts on insurances & advice

    • such as emigration insurances, travel insurances, and health insurances
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    ...and together we support worldsupporters and projects

    • with personal development via worldsupporter.org and online tools
    • with international collaborations via projects in Africa, Asia, and South America
    • with bringing organizations and individuals into contact with each other to make each other stronger, more aware, and to inspire one another
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    How do you receive free subscription services when insured via JoHo?

    • Are you a member and do you take out a yearly continuous insurance via JoHo? Then you are able to use the services and discounts of the JoHo subscription for free
    • How does it work? Become a JoHo member and apply for your travel or health insurance  via JoHo. As a JoHo member you will receive the benefits of the JoHo subscription
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    How to choose and purchase a JoHo subscription services

    Purchasing JoHo subscription services

    • JoHo members can choose to purchase a subscription for choice assistance, advice, discounts, or extra support for JoHo
    • If you want to purchase subscription services, you are able to do so with the same form as the one to become a JoHo member
    • If you already are a JoHo member and want to change to, or add, a subscription, please fill out form for changing your membership

    How does registering, logging in & creating a password work

    • As a new JoHo member you automatically receive an online account at joho.org, which you can activate with a link that you will receive in your mailbox

    Read more at

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    Are you able to become a member without an IBAN/SEPA bank account?

    • If you don't have an IBAN (international bank account number) with SEPA, but you still want to use membership services or support JoHo's projects and initiatives, including Smokey Tours, take a look at the page about International services
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    What are the rules and guidelines?

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    What is your JoHo number?

    • You can find your JoHo number at your My JoHo page as soon as you are logged in at joho.org
    • You need your JoHo number, for example, for obtaining the discounts on insurances, summaries, and at partner organisations
    • Have you lost your JoHo number? Please contact JoHo via the online contact forms or log in at joho.org and you will find your JoHo number at your account page on JoHo.org

     

    Join & Register (via JoHo.org)

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    WorldSupporter: register with JoHo WorldSupporter
    WorldSupporter: aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter
    WorldSupporter: About & FAQ
    WorldSupporter: what are WorldSupporter Summaries and how to create or use them?

    WorldSupporter: what are WorldSupporter Summaries and how to create or use them?

    What types of summaries and study assistance does WorldSupporter offer?

    Summaries and study materials can be found in 6 different forms:

    • Book summaries: give you insight into the main and side issues of the most essential and current literature in your field
    • BulletPoint Summaries: ultra-short summaries displayed in bullets
    • Article summaries: summaries of scientific articles that you will use during and after your studies
    • ExamTickets: consist of short bullets with subject-oriented exam tips and sample questions, so that you know what you have to learn and how you should study
    • ExamTests: consist of bundles of exam and practice questions that provide extra understanding, test your knowledge and give insight into the way in which an exam will be taken
    • Study Notes & Sheets:  summaries of lectures, working groups that give you more insight into what is considered important by teachers.

    Why add a Summary or Study Note?

    • This content type allows you to explain a certain subject. This can be based on your own texts or on summarized versions of study material
    • Many Supporters use this content type for university course material, but feel free to use it as a broad tool for knowledge transfer
    • Always make sure that you do not violate copyright if you use material from others and make good use of source listings

    How to add a Summary or Study Note?

    • tip 1: by adding category tags your content will be easier to find by people with similar interests that not yet follow your account
    • tip 2: bring several summaries together and create easier navigation for yourself and your followers
    • tip 3: add an image in the 'image' field, because it will be used to highlight your contribution on your profile and other spotlight locations on WorldSupporter. Without an image your avatar will be used for these purposes.

    Where to find or read more about Summaries or Study Notes

    Where to add Summaries or Study Notes?

     

    Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
    WorldSupporter: toolkit for adding and using content on WorldSupporter
    WorldSupporter: About & FAQ
    WorldSupporter: how to use and find summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter?

    WorldSupporter: how to use and find summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter?

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    Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams

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    How and why use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?

    • For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
    • For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
    • For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
    • For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
    • For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.
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    Using and finding summaries, notes and practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter

    There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.

    1. Use the summaries home pages for your study or field of study
    2. Use the check and search pages for summaries and study aids by field of study, subject or faculty
    3. Use and follow your (study) organization
      • by using your own student organization as a starting point, and continuing to follow it, easily discover which study materials are relevant to you
      • this option is only available through partner organizations
    4. Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
    5. Use the menu above each page to go to the main theme pages for summaries
      • Theme pages can be found for international studies as well as Dutch studies

    Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?

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    Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance

    Main summaries home pages:

    Main study fields:

    Main study fields NL:

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    WorldSupporter: what are the features, functionalities and rules on WorldSupporter.org?
    WorldSupporter NL: hoe vind je samenvattingen en studiehulp op WorldSupporter.org en JoHo.org
    Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
    WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

    WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

    What is 'WorldSupporter'?

    • JoHo WorldSupporter is the online platform where individuals and organizations inspire and help each other on a local and global level
    • You can share and find everything you need to help another, travel responsibly, study well, develop yourself and work for an organization that creates a better world
    • You can gain knowledge, share experiences, answer questions, post comments and publish your own WorldSupporter resume
    • You can share your summaries, photos, blogs, journals, events, sustainable recipes and tips with others
    • You can create and share study materials with WorldSupporters from countries that lack access to educational resources,
    • You can share learning materials that can be used by volunteers helping out in schools around the world.
    • You can work with WorldSupporters from over 150 countries to help make the world around you a better and more tolerant place.

    What is a 'WorldSupporter account and Profile'?

    • A WorldSupporter account can be created in minutes and is linked to your Personal WorldSupporter profile.
    • Your WorldSupporter profile:
      • acts as your own platform for all the content you create or collect on WorldSupporter,
      • shows all content recently created by the organizations, groups and individuals you personally follow,
      • shows what you contribute to the world around you.

    What do you need to do to join, register and get started?

    • to use WorldSupporter for free, you can create an acoount and follow your favorite subject or supporters
    • to support and use WorldSupporter: go to www JoHo.org, and join as a JoHo WorldSupporter member: In Dutch - In English.
    • to use all summaries: go to go to www JoHo.org and join JoHo WorldSupporter Member with full online access to all summaries and content
    • for a profile on WorldSupporter: go to the login page page or use the 'sign in' link in the menu
    • for login: go to the login page to log in or use the 'sign in' link in the menu, visible on every page

    Join JoHo WorldSupporter >>

    WorldSupporter: About & FAQ
    WorldSupporter: toolkit for adding and using content on WorldSupporter
    WorldSupporter FAQ: how to WorldSupporter, join and sign up?
    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

    • 3941 reads
    WorldSupporter: register with JoHo WorldSupporter
    Crossroads: this content is used in bundle

    Theme pages: for getting study results and preparing for exams

    Theme pages for getting study results and preparing for exams

    Attend college and study in working groups - Theme
    Gain and improve academic skills - Theme
    Getting study results and preparing for exams - Theme
    Reading and studying scientific articles - Theme
    Statistics: summaries and study assistance - Theme
    Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
    Using summaries, textbooks and study books - Theme
    Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance

    Themes: main theme pages for learn and study

    WorldSupporter theme pages for learn and study

    Attend college and study in working groups - Theme
    Getting study results and preparing for exams - Theme
    Internship Abroad - Theme
    Reading and studying scientific articles - Theme
    Studying in the Netherlands - Theme
    Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
    Teaching materials and preparing lessons abroad - Theme
    Using summaries, textbooks and study books - Theme
    Themes: main theme pages for summaries and study assistance
    Crossroads: activities, countries, competences, study fields and goals
    Related content and favorites
    Icon Summaries: per type and form
    Summaries: per type and form

    Home page for summaries by type and form

    • Summary sort: Study books, Scientific articles, Academic Concepts
    • Areas: Business, Education, Health, Psychology, Law, Nature, Society and more
    • Languages: English, Dutch
    • Access: This study guide contains exclusive and publi...

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