How is it to note that you see only half of the world? What is it like to be blind, but to believe that you can see? or to be paralyzed, but to be convinced that you can move? These and many other questions are motivated by neuropsychological changes caused by brain damage. Although almost all types of brain damage affect consciousness, only three specific examples that are relevant to the subject of consciousness will be given in this chapter.AmnesiaKorkasoff's syndrome is the most common form of memory loss (also called amnestic syndrome) and is caused by the toxic effects of alcohol and by a deficiency of thiamine caused by malnutrition.There are two forms of memory loss:anterograde amnesiaretrograde amnesia.In the case of anterograde amnesia, patients can no longer save new, long-term memories. The short-term memory functionality remains intact. Retrograde amnesia occurs when someone has lost all his memories about the past. This form of memory loss often occurs after accidents that cause brain injuries.With Karsakoff's syndrome, episodic memory, which is in charge of the memory of the events of someone’s life, remains intact for events that occurred in the far past. However, new episodic memories are no longer stored. New information can still be stored through classical conditioning and procedural learning. However, they themselves do not realize that they are learning.People with memory loss are conscious. They are awake, respond to Stimuli, talk, laugh and have emotions. But who exactly has a consciousness? Since the capacity to store new episodic memories is lost, amnesic patients’ consciousness is trapped in the past. They can relate to the events that happened before but fail to make sense of their present experiences. Due to these problems, it is very common to hear amnestic patients claiming that they have just waken up or regained...