In the domain of non-probability sampling techniques, a purposive sample, also known as judgmental sampling or selective sampling, involves selecting individuals or units based on the researcher's judgment about their relevance and information-richness for the study.

Here are the key characteristics of purposive sampling:

• Focus on specific criteria: Unlike random sampling, where everyone has a chance of being selected, purposive sampling targets individuals who possess specific characteristics, experiences, or knowledge deemed pertinent to the research question.
• Researcher's judgment: The researcher uses their expertise and understanding of the research topic to identify and select participants who can provide the most valuable insights and contribute significantly to the study's objectives.
• Qualitative research: Purposive sampling is frequently used in qualitative research where understanding the depth and richness of individual experiences is prioritized over generalizability to a larger population.

Here's an analogy: Imagine conducting research on the challenges faced by immigrants in a new country. You might use purposive sampling to select individuals from different cultural backgrounds who have recently immigrated, as they are likely to provide firsthand experiences and insights relevant to your study.

Examples of purposive sampling:

• A researcher studying student experiences with online learning might purposefully select students from diverse academic backgrounds and learning styles to gain a broader understanding of different perspectives.
• A psychologist investigating coping mechanisms for chronic pain might use purposive sampling to choose participants who have been diagnosed with the condition and have experience managing it.
• A sociologist studying the impact of a new community center might purposefully select residents from different age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds to capture diverse perspectives on its effectiveness.

Advantages of purposive sampling:

• Rich and in-depth data: Allows researchers to gather rich and detailed information from individuals with relevant experiences and knowledge, leading to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study.
• Efficient and targeted: Enables researchers to focus their efforts on participants who are most likely to contribute valuable data, potentially saving time and resources.
• Flexibility: Offers flexibility in adapting the sample selection process as the research progresses and new insights emerge.

Disadvantages of purposive sampling:

• Selection bias: The researcher's judgment can introduce bias into the sample, as individuals might be chosen based on their perceived suitability rather than on objective criteria. This can lead to findings that are not representative of the wider population.
• Limited generalizability: Due to the non-random selection and focus on specific criteria, the findings from purposive samples are generally not generalizable to the entire population. They offer insights into specific cases or experiences but cannot be confidently applied to a broader group.
• Subjectivity: The process relies heavily on the researcher's judgment and expertise, which can be subjective and susceptible to personal biases.

In conclusion, purposive sampling is a valuable tool for qualitative research when seeking rich and in-depth information from individuals with specific knowledge or experiences. However, it's crucial to acknowledge the limitations, particularly the potential for bias and limited generalizability. Researchers should use this method judiciously and in conjunction with other sampling techniques or triangulation strategies to strengthen the credibility and robustness of their findings.