Examtests with Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature by Larsen a.o. - 3rd edition

What is personality psychology? - ExamTests 1

MC-questions with chapter 1

MC question 1

What is the study of a single individual an example of?

1. Nomothetic research.
2. Correlational research.
3. Idiographic research.
4. Cognitive psychological research.

MC question 2

Which of the following possibilities makes a typical statement about character?

1. "I am big and strong."
2. "You can rely on me."
3. "I come up with solutions to problems."
4. "I respond quickly and energetically."

MC question 3

Psychological mechanisms differ from properties in that mechanisms:

1. Refer more to processes.
2. Are less stable.
3. Do not include decision-making rules.
4. All the above answers are correct.

MC question 4

The dispositional area assumes that change occurs:

1. When the environment changes.
2. By therapy.
3. By the way properties are expressed.
4. Because properties change.

MC question 5

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. Describe behavior.
2. Cause behavior.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.
4. Answer A and B are both incorrect.

MC question 6

According to the intrapsychic approach, the source of all psychological problems lies in:

1. The unconscious.
2. (Bad) environments.
3. Chemical imbalance in the brain.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

MC question 7

The dispositional domain deals with personality problems:

1. By psychoanalysis.
2. By cognitive therapy.
3. By fitting in the right environments.
4. By changing relationships between reward and punishment.

MC question 8

Which of the following concepts is a subcategory of personality?

1. Individual differences.
2. Character.
3. Intelligence.
4. The Big Five.

MC question 9

Which domain relies most on the statistical method to identify fundamental properties?

1. The dispositional domain.
2. The biological domain.
3. The domain of the adaptation.
4. The social and cultural domain.

MC question 10

The intrapsychic approach sees behavior as:

1. Especially random.
2. Mainly caused by environment.
3. Mainly determined by mental powers.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

MC question 11

A dispositional researcher would expect someone who is friendly at work to:

1. Be friendly at home.
2. Be friendly in social situations.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.

MC question 12

A talkative person:

1. Will always talk more than a quiet person.
2. Can never be quiet.
3. Talk more than a quiet person in the theater, for example.
4. Talks more than a quiet person on average.

MC question 13

Which of the following questions emphasizes research on personality traits?

1. How many fundamental properties are there?
2. How are traits organized within the person?
3. Where do properties come from?
4. All the above answers are correct.

MC question 14

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. Describe behavior.
2. Cause behavior.
3. Answer A and B are both correct.
4. Answer A and B are both incorrect.

Open questions with chapter 1

Open question 1

Define the concept of personality.

Open question 2

Which three parts do consist psychological mechanisms consist of?

Open question 3

Identify the three levels of personality analysis.

Open question 4

Describe the nomothetic and idiographic research method.

Open question 5

Which six research areas, from different angles, are aimed at gaining insight into the nature of man?

Open question 6

Which three requirements are placed on personality theories?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 1

1. C. Idiographic research.

2. B. You can rely on me.

3. A. Referring more to processes.

4. C. By the way properties are expressed.

5. C. Answer A and B are both correct.

6. A. The unconscious.

7. C. By fitting in the right environments.

8. A. Individual differences.

9. A. The dispositional domain.

10. C. Mainly determined by mental powers.

11. D. Answer A and B are both correct.

12. D. Talks more than a quiet person on average.

13. D. All the above answers are correct.

14. D. Answer A and B are both incorrect.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter

Open question 1

Personality is a collection of an individual's psychological traits and mechanisms that exhibit coherence, generally persist, and affect the individual's interaction and his or her adaptation to intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

Open question 2

Input (information from the environment), decision rules (way of thinking), and output (tendency to certain behavior).

Open question 3

Each person is in certain respects: 1) equal to others (the level of human nature), 2) similar to others (the level of individual and group differences) and 3) unique (the level of individual uniqueness).

Open question 4

Nomothetic research includes statistical comparisons of individuals or groups. It is used to distinguish universal human traits. Idiographic (descriptive) research concerns a single subject and observes the way in which general principles are applicable in a single case. This often concerns a psychological biography or a study of one person.

Open question 5

The dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive-experimental, socio-cultural and adaptation domain.

Open question 6

First, the theory should guide researchers, leading to new findings. Second, the theory must explain known findings. Finally, the theory must make specific predictions that can be tested empirically.

What are a good personality research, measurement and research design made of? - ExamTests 2

MC-questions with chapter 2

MC question 1

Which of the following alternatives is an example of an unstructured questionnaire?

1. True or false questions.
2. Open questions.
3. Forced choice questions.
4. All the above answers are correct.

MC question 2

What do we know if dominance positively correlates with ego strength?

1. Dominance causes ego strength.
2. People who score high on dominance also score high on ego strength.
3. None of the above answers are correct.

MC question 3

In an experimental design, the manipulated variable is:

1. The randomly assigned variable.
2. The independent variable.
3. The dependent variable.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

MC question 4

Someone who tends to agree with all the questions in a questionnaire will likely show the response set:

1. Giving extreme answers (extreme responding).
2. Faking.
3. Acquiescence (agree with everything).
4. Social desirability.

MC question 5

What someone tells you about their friend is considered to be:

1. S-data.
2. L-data.
3. O-data.
4. T-data.

MC question 6

Which of the following concepts is not important for assessing a personality measurement?

1. Validity.
2. Manipulation.
3. Generalizability.
4. Reliability.

MC question 7

What do psychological researchers mainly derive their psychological statements from?

1. The style of the behavior.
2. The content of the behavior.
3. From someone's reputation.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

MC question 8

If someone's personality has been assessed four times, and each time that person gets the same score, we know that that rating:

1. Is reliable.
2. Is valid.
3. Is statistically significant.
4. All the above answers are correct.

MC question 9

If people who score high on 'extraversion' also score high on measurements of 'being happy', then 'extraversion' and 'being happy' are:

1. Uncorrelated.
2. Positively correlated.
3. Negatively correlated.
4. Perhaps correlated, but there is not enough information to say anything about it.

MC question 10

When different measurements of the same construct correlate high with a given test, that test has high:

1. Convergent validity.
2. Discriminant validity.
3. Face validity.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

MC question 11

Which statement is correct? The internal consistency of a test says something about the ... of a test.

1. Validity.
2. Heritability.
3. Standardization.
4. Reliability.

Open questions with chapter 2

Open question 1

Name the four main forms of data collection.

Open question 2

Name a disadvantage of S-data, O-data and T-data.

Open question 3

What does fMRI mean and what is its purpose?

Open question 4

When can a test be called reliable?

Open question 5

When can a test be considered valid?

Open question 6

What three types of research designs are there and what are they best suited for?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 2

1. B. Open questions.

2. C. People who score high on dominance also score high on ego strength.

3. B. The independent variable.

4. C. Acquiescence (agree with everything).

5. C. O-data.

6. B. Manipulation.

7. A. The style of the behavior.

8. A. is reliable.

9. B. Positively correlated.

10. A. Convergent validity.

11. D. Reliability.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 2

Open question 1

Self-report data (S-data), observer-report data (O-data), test data (T-data) and life-outcome data (L-data).

Open question 2

• S-data: Participants can lie or fake.
• O-data: Observers may not have access to relevant information.
• T-data: Lab tests may not be suitable for discovering patterns in everyday life.

Open question 3

Functional magnetic resonance imaging; discovering the place and patterns of brain activity when participants perform certain tasks.

Open question 4

When the same scores are obtained with repeated measurements.

Open question 5

When the test measures what it should measure.

Open question 6

The first is experimental research. This method is best suited for determining causality between two variables. The second type is correlational research. This method is best suited for investigating relationships between variables in natural settlements. The third method is the case study. This is suitable for formulating hypotheses and gaining insight into individual cases.

What are traits and taxonomies? - ExamTests 3

MC-questions with chapter 3

MC question 1

What are the two most used personality dimensions in the history of personality psychology?

1. Conscientiousness and neuroticism.
2. Neuroticism and extraversion.
3. Agreeableness and conscientiousness.
4. Extraversion and agreeableness.

MC question 2

Which of the following alternatives exemplifies the view that properties are descriptive summaries?

1. The theory of sociosexual orientation.
2. Theoretical scale construction (1-2-3-4-5).
3. Eysenck's hierarchical personality model.
4. The Act Frequency Approach.

MC question 3

A researcher who defines properties before examining them follows:

1. The statistical approach.
2. The theoretical approach.
3. The lexical approach.
4. All the above answers are correct.

MC question 4

Features in a circumplex that are each other's opposites:

1. Do not correlate.
2. Correlate positively.
3. Correlate negatively.
4. None of the above answers are correct.

MC question 5

The idea that all major differences have been precipitated in the natural language is known as:

1. The individual differences hypothesis.
2. The lexical hypothesis.
3. Factor analysis.
4. Property taxonomy.

MC question 6

In Wiggins' circumplex, dominance and warmth-friendliness (agreeableness) convey the relationship of:

1. 'Adjacency' to.
2. Bipolarity.
3. Orthogonality.
4. Factor loads.

MC question 7

Someone who is anti-social and shows lack of empathy probably scores high on the trait:

1. Extraversion.
2. Neuroticism.
3. Psychoticism.
4. All the above answers are correct.

MC question 8

In which of the Big Five does the temperament emotionality fit?

1. Agreeableness.
2. Conscientiousness.
3. Neuroticism.
4. Openness.

MC question 9

Which charactertrait of the Big Five is not universal in all the different cultures?

1. Agreeableness.
2. Openness.
3. Extraversion.
4. Conscientiousness.

Open questions with chapter 3

Open question 1

Which two approaches exist to conceptualize traits?

Open question 2

What three approaches exist to distinguish the most important features of traits?

Open question 3

Describe Eysenck's hierarchical personality model.

Open question 4

Describe Cattell's 16 personality factors system.

Open question 5

What are circumplex models of personality?

Open question 6

Which five factors of personality are distinguished in the Big Five?

Open question 7

Which sixth factor is distinguished in the HEXACO model?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 3

1. B. Neuroticism and extraversion.

2. D. The Act Frequency Method.

3. B. The theoretical approach.

4. C. Correlate negatively.

5. B. The lexical hypothesis.

6. C. Orthogonality.

7. C. Psychoticism.

8. C. Neuroticism.

9. B. Openness.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 3

Open question 1

The first approach states that traits are inner traits that cause behavior. So, pulling causes external behavior. The second approach states that traits are descriptive summaries of external behavior. This approach does not assume that pulling causes behavior.

Open question 2

The lexical approach sees all important features as caught in the language. This approach uses synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality as criteria to distinguish important features. The statistical approach uses statistical procedures such as factor analysis to distinguish clusters from related traits. The theoretical approach uses existing personality theories to determine which traits are important.

Open question 3

Eysenck developed a hierarchical model in which the features of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism are distinguished. These general traits include more specific traits such as activity level, mood and egocentricity. The taxonomy is based on factor analysis but has biological roots, such as a hereditary and physiological basis of the traits.

Open question 4

Cattell's 16 personality factors system consists of 16 personality traits, based on factor analysis. This taxonomy arose from the use of multiple types of data sources.

Open question 5

Circumplex taxonomies focus on the domain of interpersonal traits. They are circular arrangements of traits around two dimensions: status (dominance) and love (kindness).

Open question 6

Extraversion, kindness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and open-mindedness.

Open question 7

In addition to the five factors of the Big Five, the HEXACO model distinguishes the factor honesty-humility. This factor includes sincerity, honesty, avoidance of greed and modesty.

What measurement problems are there when measuring traits? - ExamTests 4

MC-questions with chapter 4

MC question 1

How is the idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations in which people find themselves known?

1. Situational selection.
2. Aggregation.
3. Manipulation.
4. Evocation.

MC question 2

What, according to Mischel (1968), was the most important thing in determining behavior?

1. Intellectual capabilities.
2. Situations.
3. Attitudes.
4. Properties.

MC question 3

The idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations people find themselves in is known as:

1. Aggregation.
2. Situational selection.
3. Evocation.
4. Manipulation.

MC question 4

The point of view of the person-situation interaction implies that when we observe a certain behavior:

1. Both the relevant personality trait and the appropriate situation will be available.
2. This observation is possible because situations cause personality traits.
3. The behavior will remain consistent across situations.
4. We can attribute that behavior almost entirely to personality.

Open questions with chapter 4

Open question 1

What three assumptions do personality psychologists make with regard to personality?

Open question 2

Why is personality psychology also called differential psychology?

Open question 3

What is meant by situationism (Mischel)?

Open question 4

Describe the phenomenon of person-situation interaction.

Open question 5

Describe what situational selection entails.

Open question 6

What is meant by faking by participants?

Open question 7

What are Barnum statements?

Open question 8

What is the problem with Jung's theory of the psychological types on which the MBTI is based?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 4

1. A. Situational selection.

2. B. Situations.

3. B. Situational selection.

4. A. Both the relevant personality trait and the appropriate situation will be available.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 4

Open question 1

There are meaningful individual differences in personality. The personality is stable over time. The personality is consistent in different situations.

Open question 2

Personality psychology deals with differences between people. Differential psychology studies not only individual differences in personality, but also ability, fitness and intelligence.

Open question 3

If behavior differs per situation, behavior is not determined by underlying traits, but by situational differences.

Open question 4

Behavior is a function of the interaction between character traits and situational influences.

Open question 5

A form of interactionism, the tendency to choose situations in which one can be oneself.

Open question 6

The deliberate bias of answers to a questionnaire.

Open question 7

Generalities, statements that could apply to everyone. For example, "You sometimes doubt whether you did the right thing" or "You want others to like you."

Open question 8

People cannot be divided into types that are, for example, completely introverted or completely extroverted. Character traits are normally distributed. Very few personal characteristics follow a bimodal distribution.

How does personality change over time? - ExamTests 5

MC-questions with chapter 5

MC question 1

Freud's theory of psychosexual stages exemplifies personality change at the level of analysis of:

1. Group differences.
2. The population.
3. Individual uniqueness.
4. Individual differences.

MC question 2

Self-efficacy is defined as:

1. The belief that one can do the necessary to achieve desired results.
2. Making attributions that are unstable, temporary and global.
3. The expectation that there will be many positive events, and few negative ones.
4. Having a higher self-esteem than average.

MC question 3

For which of the following terms does balance historically count as a central feature?

1. Character.
2. Temperament.
3. Personality.
4. All of the above answers are correct.

MC question 4

The trait 'competence' in women:

1. Decreases with age.
2. Increases with age.
3. Stays the same with aging.
4. Increases when they are married, but decreases when they are unmarried.

MC question 5

When is personality least stable?

1. In early childhood.
2. In later youth.
3. In the adolescence period.
4. In the adult period.

Open questions with chapter 5

Open question 1

Name three forms of personality stability.

Open question 2

Which traits of the Big Five change over time and in which direction (increase or decrease)?

Open question 3

What other properties change over time and in which direction (increase or decrease)?

Open question 4

To which characteristics do changes apply, specifically in women?

Open question 5

What did Twenge's (2001) study show about cohort effects related to change in assertiveness and dominance in women?

Open question 6

What traits predict bad marriage and divorce?

Open question 7

What is the effect of work experience on personality?

Answers MC-questions with chapter 5

1. B. The population.

2. A. The belief that one can do the necessary to achieve desired results.

3. B. Temperament.

4. B. Increase with age.

5. C. In the adolescence period.

Answer suggestions Open questions with chapter 5

Open question 1

Open question 2

Neuroticism diminishes with time; kindness and conscientiousness increase with time.

Open question 3

Self-esteem increases; impulsivity decreases; sensation seeking decreases after a peak in adolescence.

Open question 4

In women, femininity appears to be declining around age 40-50. This is probably related to menopause. Autonomy, independence and competence, in particular, seem to increase with women as they age.

Open question 5

Assertiveness was high after 1930, when women were extremely independent. Then, in the 1950s and 1960s, women became mainly housewives. From 1967 to 1993 assertiveness increased again due to changes in social roles and more women in the workplace.

Open question 6

High levels of neuroticism in both sexes and impulsivity in men.

Open question 7

People successful at work become happier, more confident and less anxious over time.

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