How do you work with scientific articles?

Effective literature searching can be divided into three main components: searching, finding, and accessing.

How can you search effectively?

• Keywords: Use precise, field-specific terms. Include synonyms, related terms, and spelling variations to broaden your scope while staying relevant.

• Boolean operators: Combine terms with AND, OR, and NOT to refine or expand results. For example: “climate change AND migration” narrows the search to studies addressing both topics.

• Filters: Narrow results by publication year, language, author affiliation, or article type (for example, review or empirical research).

• Subject headings: Employ standardized vocabularies such as MeSH in PubMed for consistent retrieval across databases.

• Search balance: Begin broad to scan the field. Narrow down for depth once you identify key terms and sources.

• Citation tracking:

  • Reference lists: Reveal the foundational works that shaped the article.

  • Cited-by tools: Show newer publications that build upon the article.

• How can you stay updated?

  • Set up alerts in Google Scholar or discipline-specific databases for new work.

  • Subscribe to journal newsletters or RSS feeds.

  • Use academic networks such as ResearchGate or Academia.edu to follow researchers and access their latest output.

Where can you find articles?

General search engines and broad databases

• Google Scholar: Free, accessible, and covers a wide range of disciplines. Useful for quick orientation.

• Science.gov: A U.S. government portal that provides access to federally funded research and datasets.

Discipline-specific databases

• Life Sciences: PubMed Central (PMC) for biomedical literature, Web of Science for cross-disciplinary indexing, ScienceDirect for peer-reviewed journals.

• Physical Sciences: INSPEC for engineering and physics, AIP Scitation for physics, MathSciNet for mathematics.

• Social Sciences: Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for citations, PsycINFO for psychology, JSTOR for older and interdisciplinary literature.

• Humanities: MLA International Bibliography for literature and linguistics, Historical Abstracts for history, Philosopher’s Index for philosophy.

Other sources

• Grey literature: Theses, dissertations, conference proceedings, and technical reports can provide data not published elsewhere.

• Preprint servers: arXiv, PsyArXiv, and SocArXiv contain early versions of articles before peer review.

• Institutional repositories: Universities often host open access versions of their researchers’ work.

How can you access full-text articles?

Open access options

• Open access journals: Many journals publish articles freely online, either fully OA or hybrid.

• Preprints and postprints: Authors often upload early versions (preprints) or accepted manuscripts (postprints) to repositories, even if the final version is paywalled.

• Public repositories: Funders such as the NIH require research to be deposited in platforms like PubMed Central.

Library-based access

• Library subscriptions: University or institutional libraries provide access to a wide range of journals. Remote access is usually possible via VPN or proxy login.

• Interlibrary loan (ILL): Borrow articles or books from other libraries if not available in your own.

• Document delivery services: Some libraries offer direct delivery of scanned articles upon request.

Author and researcher sharing

• Direct author contact: Most researchers are happy to share a PDF if you email them.

• Academic networks: Platforms such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu allow you to request or download articles directly from the author.

• Professional societies and mailing lists: Membership often includes journal access or article sharing within the community.

Alternative access tools

• Unpaywall: A browser extension that automatically finds free legal versions of paywalled articles.

• CORE and OpenAIRE: Aggregators of open access research across disciplines.

• National and public libraries: In some countries, large public or national libraries provide journal access to registered users.

Summarizing a scientific article means finding the balance between brevity and accuracy, while capturing the essential points that matter for your purpose. A strong summary goes beyond repeating content. It shows understanding, highlights significance, and opens the door for reflection and discussion.

Goals: How should you adapt your summary to your goals and audience?

Before you start, clarify why you are summarizing.

• If you are writing for yourself, focus on clarity, brevity, and the main takeaways you want to remember.

• If you are preparing a summary for your peers, add context and explanation so others can follow without reading the article themselves. Highlight key methods, findings, and implications.

• If you are working in a group setting, such as a journal club or study group, emphasize results, limitations, and points that invite debate or discussion.

Beginning: What should you keep in mind before you begin reading?

• Understand the field: Familiarize yourself with the research area so you can place the article in context. This helps you see why the study matters and what future directions it may suggest.

• Recognize your own biases: Be aware of preconceived notions. Aim for neutrality and fairness in how you present the findings.

• Consider ethical dimensions: If the research involves ethical concerns, briefly note them in your summary, keeping the tone respectful and objective.

• Skim strategically: Start with the abstract, headings, figures, and conclusion before reading in detail. This frames expectations and highlights what matters most.

Reading: How can you take effective notes while reading?

• Use the PQRST method:

  • Preview: Skim the article first by looking at titles, headings, abstract, and figures to get an overview.

  • Question: Turn headings or key topics into questions you want the text to answer.

  • Read: Read the text carefully with those questions in mind.

  • Summarize: Pause to restate the main ideas in your own words.

  • Test: Recall the main points without looking, or answer the questions you posed.

• Adapt PQRST to your needs: Emphasize methods and limitations if you are assessing research quality, or focus on results and discussion if you are preparing for a literature review.

• Annotate actively: Flag key results, underline limitations, and mark questions for further exploration. Use color-coding or symbols to distinguish methods, results, and interpretations.

• Consult external sources: Check cited references to clarify difficult points, add context, or compare perspectives.

• Separate facts from interpretations: Clearly distinguish between what the data shows and how the authors interpret it.

• Look for novelty: Identify what is genuinely new compared to prior studies, as this is often the main contribution worth highlighting.

Writing: How do you craft a clear and critical summary?

• Adapt the opening: Depending on your audience, begin with either a brief overview of the field or a focused statement of the research question and its importance.

• Highlight the methodology: Point out the essential aspects of the methods that shaped the results. Avoid unnecessary technical detail unless it is central to your purpose.

• Report results with nuance: Summarize the main findings clearly. Prioritize them in logical order and acknowledge any unexpected or contradictory outcomes without speculation.

• Interpretation and critique: Include the author’s interpretation, but also evaluate it. Consider strengths, weaknesses, consistency between data and conclusions, and possible alternative explanations.

• Discuss impact and implications: Go beyond reporting by analyzing how the research contributes to the field, what applications it may have, and what questions remain open. Where relevant, connect it to your own work or to broader societal issues.

Improving: What enhancements can make your summary stronger?

• Cite thoroughly: Reference not only the main article but also key works cited in it that are central to your analysis.

• Use flexible formats: For personal notes, keep it brief. For peers, consider structured outlines, bullet-point takeaways, or a comparison table with columns such as “Key Findings, Strengths, Limitations.”

• Create visual summaries: Use diagrams, concept maps, or tables to make complex relationships easier to grasp.

• Engage with peers: Share and compare summaries in your group. Discuss differences in emphasis or interpretation to strengthen understanding and objectivity.

Preventing: What common pitfalls should you avoid when summarizing?

• Do not copy-paste phrases from the article, as this risks plagiarism and prevents real understanding.

• Do not overload your summary with details, but focus on essentials.

• Do not ignore limitations, since a good summary should reflect both strengths and weaknesses.

• Do not lose objectivity by letting bias determine what you emphasize.

Reviewing: Why is summarizing more than just condensing an article?

A strong summary does more than condense an article. It shows critical engagement, highlights what is new, and distinguishes clearly between data and interpretation. It acknowledges the author’s work while offering your own informed perspective. Summaries can serve as study tools for yourself, as discussion starters for peers, and as building blocks for literature reviews or group projects.