The invention of writingFeatures of the preliterate civilisation:Knowledge confined to know-how without theoretical knowledge of the underlying principlesFluidity of knowledgeCollection of myths and stories about the beginning of the universe (animism)Written language appeared separately in at least four cultures, in each case it was preceded by proto-writingWriting consists of a combination of pictograms and phonogramsWritten records form an external memory, which allows an accumulation of knowledgeFor a long time the number of readers was limited. In addition, they were not encouraged to think critically about what they were reading (scholastic method)The discovery of numbers Knowledge depends on counting and measuring. The first written forms of counting consisted of lines (tallies) in the bones and stonesBecause it is difficult to discern more than four lines in a glance, the tallies were grouped. The grouping usually occurred in fivesGradually a separate symbol was used for five and multiples of fiveLater numbers systems were based on multiples of 10Number names indicate that the intention of numbers was a slow process; it took quite some time before a useful system was discoveredThe Greek and Roman number systems were suboptimal because their notation did not assign a meaning to the place of digits. Such a place coding system was developed in India. This required the symbol for 0.The Fertile Crescent Civilisations in the Fertile crescent:Ancient Mesopotamia: mathematics (algebra, astronomy, calendar)Ancient Egypt: geometrical knowledge, calendar, hieroglyphsThe Greeks Ancient Greece was the birthplace of philosophy and...
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