The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) states that there is a central and peripheral route to persuasion. Thoughtless processing refers to using associative processes. Thoughtful processing refers to using systematic and analytical processing. In the middle of this, there is peripheral processing, which makes use of heuristics. Attitude change based on central processing is more stable, enduring and predictive of behaviour. It focuses on the motivation that people have to process. This motivation can be due to personality factors (1), personal preference (2) or recognizing unreliable sources (3). Furthermore, it focuses on whether people have the cognitive capacity to process the message. One criterion for systematic and analytic processing is the availability of cognitive capacity. This is influenced by the cognitive load of the message. The cognitive capacity is influenced by distraction (1), fatigue (2), need for cognition (3) and prior knowledge (4). Another criterion is motivation. This depends on self-relevance (e.g. preferences). Chaiken’s heuristic-systematic model (HSM) states that accuracy motivated people may assess message validity through heuristics and systematic processing. Individuals base decisions on heuristics if they can be sufficiently confident in the accuracy of those decisions. The expectancy-value theory states that an attitude is influenced by our expectations about the characteristics of an attitude object and the value we attach to those characteristics. A change of attitude is the result of a change in the expectation of the value or by making specific beliefs more salient. The theory of reasoned action regards deliberate decisions and stable attitudes. It states that behavioural intentions predict volitional behaviour. The way messages are framed has an impact on the way it influences people. People are loss aversive, meaning that loss frames are generally more effective. The fit between the message frame and...