Feelings of sadness / emptinessNo interest or pleasure in activitiesWeight changesInsomnia or hypersomniaAgitation or retardationFatigue or loss of energyFeelings of worthlessnessPoor concentrationRecurrent thoughts of death Depression is commonHigh heritabilityPeople with depression have less childrenParadox: Why did natural selection not eliminate depression from the population? Lifetime prevalence (USA): 19.2%, (NL): 17.9%University students: 30.6%Persistent depressive disorder (USA): 4.7% Heritability = 37%Why do humans get depressed?Cry for helpReaction to lossesSeasonal – no activity in winterEnergy conservationRumination – solving problemsAssociation with inflammation/infectionsMismatch We are not adapted to modern environments, but to ancestral environments. This results in a mismatch. Chimpanzees in the wild – less mismatchCaptive chimpanzees – more mismatchCaptive chimpanzees were more likely to show signs of depression:Depressed hunched postureSocial withdrawalEasily irritated or angeredLoss of interest in activitiesWeight loss or gainAwake or easily awakenedDifficulty falling asleep or excessive sleepPoor concentration Savannah-like environmentHunter-gatherer societyNomadic lifestylePhysical dangersHigh infant mortalityFood scarcity Developing countries – less mismatchDeveloped countries – more mismatchIt was found that the higher the GDP per capita is somewhere, the more people suffer from mood disorders ObesityDifferent dietLess physical activityLess sunlightLess sleep...

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