Psychodiagnostiek - Master klinische psychologie

Deze bundel gaat in op de literatuur die nodig is voor het vak Klinische Psychodiagnostiek aan de uva. Dit vak gaat in op het stellen van diagnoses.

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History of present illenss and interviewing about feelings - summary of chapter 5, 6, 7 of the First Interview

The first interviewMorrison, J. You can move to the history of the present illness if there are no major problem areas to discover. Throughout the balance of history taking, listen for other clues that might point the way for further explorations. Explore the problems that have brought the client into treatment. You might consider the areas of clinical interest you covered during free speech. It is a convention to label as ‘illness’, whatever brings anyone in for evaluation. All problems have precipitants, symptoms, course, and other features that allow you to suggest an effective plan of action. The present episode Concentrate first on the current episode of illness. You need a fund of basic information as to exactly what symptoms you can expect to find in an episode of illness. For this, you need to refer to textbooks and other resources.Describing symptoms Learn as much as you can about each symptom your client reports. A symptom is any subjective sensation that makes the client think that something is wrong. Clarify any descriptive terms that are used. Characterize each symptom as fully as you can. Symptoms can wax and wane with time or changes in the environment. Does the client notice such factors?Vegetative symptoms Vegetative symptoms are body functions that are concerned with maintaining health and vigour. Vegetative symptoms include problems with:SleepEither excessive (hypersomnia) or inability to sleep (insomnia). If the client has insomnia, find out what portion of the sleep is affected; 1) early (initial insomnia), this is...

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Oude onaangepaste schema's en diagnostiek en voorlichting - samenvatting van een gedeelte uit hoofdstuk 1 en 2 uit Schemagerichte therapie handboek voor therapeuten

Schemagerichte therapie Handboek voor therapeutenYoung, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E..H1, H2 De geschiedenis van het construct schemaBinnen de cognitieve ontwikkeling is een schema een patroon dat over de werkelijkheid of ervering heen wordt gelegd om het individu in staat te stellen: 1) deze te verklaren 2) de perceptie te mediëren 3) reacties te sturen. Een schema is een abstracte voorstelling van de typerende kenmerking van een gebeurtenis. Het dient als leidraad voor het interpreteren van informatie en het oplossen van problemen.Schema’s worden steeds verder uitgewerkt en op latere levenservaringen toegepast. Cognitieve consistentie is het instand houden van een stabiele visie op iemand zelf en de wereld, ook als deze in werkelijkheid onnauwkeurig of vertekend is. Een schema kan positief of negatief en functioneel of dysfunctioneel zijn. Schema’s kunnen zowel in de kindertijd als in het latere leven ontstaan. De definitie van een schema volgens YoungYoung denkt dat sommige schema’s, met name die zijn ontstaan door schadelijke ervaringen in de kindertijd, de kern uitmaken van persoonlijkheidsstoornissen.Een oud, onaangepast schema is: 1) een breed algemeen verbreid schema 2) bestaat uit herinneringen, emoties, cognities en lichamelijke gewaarwordingen 3) heeft betrekking tot het zelf en relaties met anderen 4) ontstaan tijdens kindertijd of adolescentie 5) in de loop van...

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Restructured Clinical (RC) and Personality Pathology Five (PSY-5) scales - summary of chapter 7 of MMPI-2 assessing perosnality and psychopathology

Graham, J. R., MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology, 5th edition. H7: Restructured Clinical (RC) and Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales. Pagina 156-181 The first step in constructing the RC scales was to develop a general scale labelled Demoralisation. Removal of this general factor from the clinical scales would result in a set of restructured scales that would be less intercorrelated and have greater discriminant validity. Demoralisation is equivalent to the pleasant-unpleasant dimension of self-reported affect. The next step was designed to identify the core component of each original scale with the general demoralisation factor removed. Factors were extracted and rotated in a manner that yielded a clear demoralization factor, which included all of the provisional Demoralisation scale items as well as items in the clinical scales that are primarily demoralisation markers, and a second factor that could be considered the substantive core for a clinical scale. The third step involved identifying items with high loadings on the factor representing the core of each to serve as a ‘seed’ scale for each RC scale. A given seed scale was assigned those items that had the highest loadings on the scale’s core factor and that did not have salient loadings on the demoralisation factor. Overlapping items were removed, as were items that detracted from the internal consistency of a seed scale. The 12 seed scales (demoralisation...

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The MMPI-2 restructured clincial scales (RC) and restraints to innovation - summary of an article by Stephen and Kamphuis

Stephen E. Finn & Jan H. Kamphuis (2006) The MMPI–2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales and Restraints to Innovation, or "What Have They Done to My Song?", Journal of Personality Assessment, 87:2, 202-210 The RC scales are a set of nine non-overlapping scales designed to measure the common factor (Demoralisation) and unique components of the eight original Clinical Scales. The RC scales are robust. Comparing like with like: multivariate scales and ‘syndromal fidelity’A loss of ‘multivariate structure’ is a critique of the RC scales. There are several reasons why unifactorial scales may be preferred over syndromal scales: 1) syndromes are generally not true traxa and go through changes in definitions over time. Unifactorial scales have better chance of being useful over time 2) Syndromes consist of subdomains, which are better assessed by multiple-separate measures than by one composite amalgam. Confusing the Nature of the clinical scales, content scales, RC scales and the DSM-IVThe DSM-IV criteria define a disorder, whereas the MMPI-2 clinical scale items are heterogeneous fallible indicators of syndromes. The main thing the RC and content scales have in common is their high internal consistency and subsequent face validity. Item composition and the ‘credibility’ of the RC scales The RC scales were not a priori meant to be the same as the clinical scales. The idea was to use factor analyses to reshuffle the MMPI-2 items such that eight non-overlapping scales...

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The MMPI - summary of part of chapter 7 of Handbook of psychological assessment

Groth-Marnat, G. Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Wiley, Pagina 213-226, 240-269, 295-297, 302-304Chapter 7. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a standardised questionnaire that elicits a wide range of self-descriptions scored to give a quantitative measurement of an individual’s level of emotional adjustment and attitude toward test taking. The MMPI test format consisted of affirmative statements that could be answered ‘True’ or ‘False’. The original MMPI had 13 scales. The recent MMPI-2 and MMPI-A have maintained the original 10 clinical/personality scales as well as the original 3 validity scales. The total number of validity scales has been increased. The clinical and personality scales are known by their scale numbers and scale abbreviations. Additional options are available to refine the meaning of the clinical scales as well as provide additional information 1) content scales, scales based on item content 2) Harris-Lingoes subscales, for the clinical and personality scales based on clusters of content-related items 3) critical scales, assessment of items and item clusters that relate to relevant dimensions 4) supplementary scales, empirically derived new scales.The content for the majority of MMPI questions are relatively obvious and deal largely with psychiatric, psychological, neurological, or physical symptoms. Some questions are psychologically obscure because the underlying process they are assessing is not intuitively obvious. After a test profile has been developed, the scores are frequently arranged or...

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The case formulation model - summary of chapter 1 and 3 of Cognitive therapy in practice: a case formulation approach

Persons. J. B. Cognitive therapy in practice: A case formulation approach. H1 & H3. Psychological problems occur at two levels The case formulation model conceptualizes psychological problems as occurring at two levels: 1) overt difficulties, ‘real life’ problems, like depressed moods or panic attacks 2) underlying psychological mechanisms,the psychological deficits that underlie and cause the overt difficulties. They can often be expressed in terms of one (or a few) irrational beliefs about the self. Overt difficulties At a ‘macro’ level, overt difficulties include such things as depression, relationship difficulties, obesity and fears. These are problems as they might be described in the clients own terms. At a ‘micro’ level, problems can be described in terms of three components: 1) cognitions 2) behaviours 3) moods. All three components of problems usually reflect the irrational, maladaptive nature of the underlying mechanism. Cognitions A cognitive component can be found for nearly every problem clients report. Negative mood states usually involve negative automatic thoughts. Automatic thoughts are related to problematic behaviours. Cognitions can involve thoughts, images, (day)dreams and memories. Behaviour Three types of behaviours are considered in the case formulation model 1) overt motor behaviours, such things as spending hours in bed, overeating and arguing with others 2) physiological responses, such things as increased heart rate, dizziness, insomnia 3) verbal behaviours, like continual request for reassurance.Behavioural...

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