What topics are discussed?Classification psychoactive substancesThere are three classifications of psychoactive substances. First, there are sedatives. Examples of these are opiates, barbiturates, GHB, alcohol and laughing gas. They give a relaxed and euphoric feeling. They are very strong and therefore an overdose is a high risk. Stimulants can be for example cocaine, oat, nicotine and caffeine. Cocaine when snorted has a different effect than when it is smoked (crack). Hallucinogens are psychedelic drugs and when snorted in a high dose it can have a dissociative effect. People become energetic, euphoric and empathetic when using hallucinogens. They can also be psilocybin (changes in perceptions). Hallucinogens make you ‘high’ or ‘stoned’ and mostly give a relaxing effect. Examples of hallucinogens are LSD, ketamine, XTC, mushrooms and cannabis. DSM IV criteria abuse and dependenceThe DSM IV made a distinction between abuse and dependence and these were criteria to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder. Abuse is described as a maladaptive pattern of use, with significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least one criterion within a 12 month period:- Failure to fulfil major role obligations as a result of use- Recurrent use in physically hazardous situations- Recurrent use-related legal problems- Continued use despite persistent social problems caused by use Dependence is describe as a maladaptive pattern of use, with significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least three criteria within a 12 month period:- Tolerance (having to use more every time to get the same effect(s))- Withdrawal / use to avoid withdrawal- Use in larger amounts / over longer period than intended- Persistent desire / failed efforts to cut down or control use- Much time spent in activities to obtain, use, or recover from effects of use- Important social or occupational activities given up or reduced because of use- Continued use...
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