Psychology and behavorial sciences - Theme
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Which philosophy can be seen as opposite to empiricism?
In his dualistic philosophy, Descartes assumed that behavior that humans and animals have in common (such as being able to move) must have been caused by ... and not by ...
The ideas of Thomas Hobbes contributed to the development of a philosophy known as empiricism. The following is central to empiricism:
Gray deals with a number of foundations for scientific psychology. Which of the following principles is included? The idea that ...
Descartes proposed a version of dualism in which an important step was taken to psychology as a science. However, this version is not suitable as a basis for current psychology, because ...
According to materialism you can…
Human behavior can be studied from different perspectives within psychology. A psychologist who in her research into sexual jealousy emphasizes the role of our beliefs and interpretations has apparently opted for a….
What are the three fundamental ideas in psychology?
Choose the three correct answers. Biology investigates behavior at the following levels:
Does the term 'association by contiguity' belong to empiricism or nativism? Explain.
D. Nativism
C. the body; the soul
B. All human knowledge ultimately comes from sensory perception.
A. ... thoughts and feelings can be traced to brain processes.
C. ... according to this version, thinking cannot be scientifically investigated.
A. … study because it is caused by neurons.
C. Cognitive-psychological approach
Behavior ultimately has a physical cause that can be scientifically investigated.
The neural level, the evolutionary level and the genetic level.
This understanding is part of the mindset of the empiricists, who argue that everything that people learn comes from the information we receive from our senses, from the experiences we gain (nativists think that there is certain knowledge with which one is born, and that does not have to be learned). The concept of 'association by contiguity' means that we learn associations when events occur one after the other. So we learn this thanks to our sensory experiences (and is not innate).
In a primary school, children are tested for their social skills and questions are asked about their leisure activities. The research shows that children who watch soap operas a lot are more socially competent than children who do so less. The researchers recommend that children should watch soap operas more to stimulate their social skills. This recommendation is…. because this is about ... research.
In science, "scepticism" means:
The behavior of Clever Hans, a horse that seemed to be able to count, turned out to be largely attributable to ...
Which of the following statements is true?
With a correlational study you cannot…
In a driving proficiency study, a researcher uses two conditions. In the alcohol condition, test subjects will receive an alcoholic snack before their driving skills will be measured; in the non-alcohol condition they will receive a glass of soda. Subjects can choose themselves in which condition they are classified. What can you say about this setup? There is talk of ...
A researcher trains a group of participants in an experiment to use a certain solution strategy; another group of participants does not receive training. Both groups must then solve 15 problems in 30 minutes. The researcher registers the number of correctly solved problems. What is the dependent variable in the above experiment?
Recently in the news: Research involving 645 children who were members of a club and 679 children who were not, shows that membership of a club has positive effects on children. Children who are members of a club perform better at school, they use fewer drugs and alcohol and they connect with 'gangs' less often than children who are not members of a club. The positive effects are due to the fact that the children get a stronger self-image and therefore a greater self-confidence when they are involved in a club. The clubs that are being investigated are the so-called 'Boys and Girls Clubs'. These institutions can best be compared with youth centers in the Netherlands. Access to these clubs is free.
Based on the above information you can conclude that ...
We call a conceptual model to explain existing facts a:
In a double-blind study:
With which term do we describe the systematic influence of a variable other than the construct to be measured in cognitive tests?
Suppose a company measures the personality of employees with a test that measures how quickly people can type a piece of text. The test is always performed under the same conditions and always delivers the same results with repeated sampling. However, a psychologist examining the test comes to the conclusion that it is a bad test. The test does not measure what the test should measure, namely personality. What is wrong according to the psychologist?
If a test is said to show bias , it means that this test ...
In psychology, descriptive and inferential statistics are used. What is the difference between these types of statistics?
What is statistical significant? Which three things are especially important if you want to make a significant test?
What lessons can psychology learn from the case of the horse Smart Hans?
D. not justified; correlational.
B. Searching for alternative explanations and evidence that can refute a theory, even if it is your own theory.
C. … test leader expectations (observer-expectancy effects).
B. Facts support hypotheses, hypotheses are derived from theories.
A. … test causal hypotheses.
A. ... bias and that actually makes the results unusable.
A. The number of correctly solved problems.
B. ... it is wrongly concluded that membership of a club has positive effects on children.
B. Theory
C. Both the researcher and the participant know nothing of the purpose of the research.
B. Bias
B. The test is invalid.
A. ... systematically disadvantage or favor certain groups.
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize large amounts of data. Inferential statistics are used to examine the extent to which it can be assumed that the results of an investigation were not due to chance.
Mathematically, statistical significance means that the p is less than 0.05. In an experiment this means that the chance that the results found are caused by chance is less than 0.05. This is very important for researchers. To guarantee statistical significance, they can pay attention to the following:
If the genetic influence on a certain trait can be attributed to the combined effect of a large number of genes, then we call that trait ...
Clear altruistic acts where non-family members are helped just as often as family members can best be explained by ...
According to the theory of evolution, the statement 'worms have evolved as far as humans' ...
Which statement about the relative influence of genes and environment on a person's behavior is true?
Analogies between behavior of different species provide valuable clues for…
What is meant by mitosis?
What is functionalism?
Natural selection can take place due to the great variability in genes that living beings have. What are the two causes for this variability?
What is the difference between distal and proximate explanations of behavior?
What does the kin selection theory entail?
Describe the two most important misunderstandings that often arise in views about the nature or implications of biological evolution.
D. polygenic.
B. the 'reciprocity' theory.
A. ... true.
A. It is not possible to say whether the influence of genes or the influence of the environment is greatest.
C. ... understanding the evolutionary function of certain behaviors.
A. Cell division whereby new cells are produced other than egg or sperm cells.
D. Functionalism is a direction within psychology based on the principle that one studies systematically the functions of one's own behavior.
Distal explanations look at the meaning of behavior for reproduction or survival. Proximate explanations attempt to explain behavior based on causes in the immediate environment. An example from the book talks about a singing bird trying to seduce a female. A distal explanation for this would be that the male wants to reproduce. A proximate explanation could be that the sun is shining, the sex hormones in the male are thereby activated and the male starts singing.
Kin selection theory means that cooperative behavior towards blood relatives is caused because an individual wants their genes to survive, and a blood relative is most similar to the individual in terms of genes. In fact, altruism is a form of survival urge (for what ultimately naturally survives is the genes of the individual, and not himself).
Someone who reports that he has done some shopping and says: "Buy milk shop". This person probably has ...
While you were almost asleep, you suddenly heard a scratch on your window. At that moment your heart started pounding faster. Which part of your nervous system is responsible for this reaction?
Neurotransmitters ...
Action potentials of a specific neuron ...
Which description fits the long-term potentiation phenomenon?
The brain stem regulates things like ...
Research has shown that the ... is greater for London taxi drivers (who need to know the map of London by heart) than for comparable people from a control group who are not a taxi driver.
A presynaptic neuron is ...
Which neurons carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles?
The autonomic nervous system has two parts: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _____ and the parasympathetic nervous system for _____.
The autonomic nervous system has a sympathetic and parasympathetic division, where ...
Which area in the brain is associated with motor aphasia?
Describe what an action potential is and what happens during an action potential.
Name the most important parts of (most) neurons.
What is the resting potential?
You want to know at which precise place in the brain activity takes place. Which method can you use best for this, and why?
Which part of the brain can be compared to a relay station?
What is the difference between Broca's aphasia and Werknicke's aphasia?
D. a disorder in the Broca area ('Broca's aphasia').
B. If a postsynaptic neuron fires immediately after a presynaptic neuron fires, the connection between the two neurons is strengthened.
C
B
Question 5
A
Question 6
B
Question 7
C
Question 8
B
Question 9
B
Question 10
D
Question 11
B
Question 12
A
An action potential is a current of changes in the electrical voltage along the membrane that rapidly passes from the end of the axon to the other. The sodium channels in the membrane open during an action potential. Due to the higher concentration of sodium outside the cell and the electrical power of the positive outside, sodium is pushed into the cell. This creates an equal electrical voltage inside and outside the membrane, this is called the depolarization phase. As soon as this happens, the sodium channels close, but the potassium channels remain open. Due to the higher concentration of potassium in the cell and the electrical force of the temporarily positive interior, the potassium is pushed out of the cell.
A neuron in most cases has a cell body, which covers the largest surface. The body consists of a cell nucleus and a number of other structures. Furthermore, neurons often have dendrites, wires that receive information from other cells. Axons are other wires on a neuron that actually send information to other cells. They do this via the axon terminal.
The resting potential means that the neuron has an electrically negative charge (of -70 mV). The resting potential is maintained by the potassium-sodium pump and by forces related to concentration and charge. Sodium enters the cell, and that ultimately causes a resting potential to turn into an action potential.
For this measurement you can use the best functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By measuring electric fields, the activity of all parts of the entire brain can be viewed, not just the activity directly under the skull, as with an EEG. An EEG measurement is more useful if you want to know exactly when a certain activity takes place, instead of where.
This is the thalamus, a small area that connects different parts of the brain. For example, it passes on information from the sensory pathways to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.
They are both forms of speech impairment. Broca's aphasia uses a telegraphic form of talking. People only use essential words, but cannot make normal sentences. For example 'go to the store to get bread'. Wernicke's aphasia can be seen as opposed. It is not possible to come up with the right words and terms, but the speech remains fluent. This ends in a meaningless stream of words.
When we focus on a stimulus or try to solve a problem, our EEG shows a pattern called "beta-waves". This pattern is characterized by ... and is probably the result of ...
Which statement about the amygdala is incorrect?
With laugh therapy it is assumed that you will become happier by laughing. According to Ekman's facial feedback theory, the following applies here:
Research in monkeys shows that differences in the brain between males and females that are associated with sexual behavior are determined by the presence or absence of… around the…
Emotion and expression are closely linked. Yet someone can adopt a poker face despite the fact that this person experiences very intense emotions. This is possible because ...
Research into the psychobiological background of behavior shows that sexual behavior in women is probably mainly determined by…
With laugh therapy you have to pretend that you are smiling, even if you don't feel like it at all. The claim is that it will make you happier. Is that correct?
What is meant by the theory of maintenance and protection of sleep?
Before conditioning, dopamine will be released when receiving food, so that a relationship is established between the food and what preceded it. After completion of the conditioning, dopamine will be released in response to the bubble, so that a relationship is established between the sound of the bubble and the circumstances in which the bubble sounds.
You recognize an object more quickly if it is part of a meaningful scene than if it is part of a collection of unrelated objects. This observation is proof of ...
Motivation can be a function of drive (internal motivation) and external stimuli. Which finding is inconsistent with the idea that motivation is primarily a function of drive?
The part of the brain that regulates hunger, thirst, sex and temperature is ...
Name the five types of drives.
What is a crucial brain area in terms of rewards and how has that been proven?
Hans lives in Amsterdam and is a drug addict. A therapist sends him to a rehab clinic in Austria for a while. Hans heals wonderfully quickly and is sent back to Amsterdam. Why is it likely that things will soon go wrong again with Hans?
What does the term androgen refer to?
Why is the amygdala important in the human brain?
A. fast, irregular waves; the non-synchronized firing of neurons.
C. the amygdala only responds to consciously observed stimuli.
A. ... laughter also causes feelings of happiness.
C. testosterone; birth
B. ... it takes some time to form a facial expression. This creates space for other signals and / or control.
A. … male sex hormones (testosterone)
A. Yes, because the facial muscles give feedback to the brain.
A. The function of sleep is to conserve energy at times when being awake is of little value and potentially dangerous.
D. Alternatives a and b are both incorrect
C. the power of top-down processing
C. People eat more if their food looks delicious.
B. the hypothalamus
Reproductive drive, educational drive, regulatory drive, social drive and safety drive.
The nucleus accumbens (part of the medial forebrain bundle) is an essential area in terms of rewards. This was proven by means of rats, placing electrodes on the nucleus accumbens. The area was electrically stimulated if the rats were to press a kind of button. It turned out that the animals started to push the button more and more often, in order to do it for hours on end, so that the pleasant feeling (the feeling of reward) would be released by the NA.
An important reason for the addictive aspect of drugs is that a lot of dopamine is released during use in that part of the nucleus accumbens that is responsible for reward-related learning. That means that with drug use associations are learned between all the cues that are in the environment and the feeling that the drugs bring (the reward). As a result, an addict may become in need of drugs when seeing his daily environment. Hans will not find many cues in Austria that reminded him of drugs in the Netherlands (which made him use it), so he heals quickly. Back in the Netherlands, everything suddenly reminds him of drugs and the feeling that comes with it. A relapse is then very likely.
The term androgen is a collective name for a category of hormones that are produced in male animals. An example of this is testosterone.
The amygdala is the main source of unconscious emotional response. In the event of danger, it provides the right fear or anger response. Research shows that this type of response to damage to the amygdala is largely absent. The amygdala is also involved in positive emotions.
Suppose Weber's law is correct. If you can just distinguish a weight of 90 grams from a weight of 99 grams, then you can also distinguish a weight of 300 grams from a weight of…
To be able to smell whether the potatoes are burning, the receptor cells in the nose must convert physical energy into electrochemical energy. This process is called ...
Which statement about the sense of smell is incorrect?
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) region is an important nerve center for:
C. 330 grams.
D. transduction.
C. Clear evidence has been found in humans for the existence of specific body odors (pheromones) that increase attractiveness to the opposite sex.
B. Pain inhibition.
Which of the following principles is not a Gestalt principle of perceptual grouping?
The ... ... is the area on the retina that is in the line of sight and where the highest concentration ... is present.
You recognize an object more quickly if it is part of a meaningful scene than if it is part of a collection of unrelated objects. This observation is proof of ...
Researchers ask test subjects to look into a room through a very small hole in a wall with one eye. In that situation, test subjects can nevertheless form a picture of the relative positions of the objects in that room. Which "depth cues" do they use for this?
The theory whereby it is assumed that neurons can be stimulated by wavelengths of one part of the spectrum and inhibited by wavelengths of the other part of the spectrum is called the:
Which statement is correct?
I: Cone Vision specializes in seeing details and colors
II: Rod vision ensures that you can see the contours of objects in the dark
The primary projection area for visual observation is in the ...
What would happen if we only used "top-down" processing?
The fovea is the area of the retina where ...
An observer sees two trees of the same size. One tree is at a distance of 20 meters from the observer and the other tree is at a distance of 100 meters from the observer. The retinal image of the first tree will ... ... the second tree.
A test subject is asked how he perceives the following stimulus:
- * - * - *
The test subject reports that this stimulus is perceived as three pairs, each pair containing a dash and an asterisk. This test subject grouped the stimuli based on:
An ambiguous figure can be seen as a young girl or an old woman. People who work in a retirement home generally perceive this figure as an old woman. This is a demonstration of:
In what sense or to what extent were Gestalt psychologists right or wrong about their claim that every perception starts with organized wholes?
Which forms of visual agnosia exist?
Name the six pictorial cues to see depth.
A. Reciprocity
D. the fovea; cones
C. the power of top-down processing.
C. "Pictorial cues"
A. Opponent process theory.
D. I and II are both correct
C. occipital lobe.
C. We would only see what we expected.
D. most of the cones are.
A. be greater than that of
B. proximity
D. top-down influences
The Gestalt psychologists were right because they wanted to emphasize that in the normal case any consciousness (any experience) starts with the experience of meaningful wholes or figures, and that the perception of elements or aspects of those wholes only comes afterwards, namely as a result of reflection, that is, closer consideration, distance, thought, analysis. But not the same: the unconscious level of information processing in the phase that precedes the aforementioned more or less conscious experience of wholes does indeed start with elementary data. These spontaneously pop up in consciousness.
There are a number of forms, but the relevant forms mentioned in the book are:
These cues are overlap, linear perspective, texture gradient, the position of objects in relation to the horizon, different types of light on the surface and the relative size of known objects.
One possible interpretation of Pavlov's experiments with dogs is that the dogs learned that they could expect food after the conditioned stimulus, and that this expectation subsequently led to salivation. This interpretation fits best with which approach to learning?
In what does the 'Law of effect' of Thorndike resemble the idea of natural selection from evolutionary theory?
A shy person has agreed to say hello to ten people he encounters during the day. If these greetings are answered with friendly responses, the shy person is more likely to greet someone in the future. This procedure is a therapeutic use of:
The technique within classical conditioning that is used to study the sensory faculties of an animal (for example, the ability to distinguish between two colors) is called:
Some cars make a nasty noise as long as you don't have the seat belt on. As soon as you put on the belt, the sound stops. Such a system first functions as a ... punishment and later as a ... reward.
Pavlov and colleagues found that extinction of a conditioned reflex do not return the animal in the condition it was in before conditioning. What does that show?
According to Gray, if someone is admitted to hospital due to an overdose of XTC, this may be due to…
Animals can learn from which food they get sick. The characteristics associated with this learning process ...
Classical conditioning does not take place if the animal or man already has a good predictor of the unconditioned stimulus (the blocking effect). This result provides support for the idea that classic conditioning ...
A kitten sees an older cat smash a bag of chips and eat the chips with taste. Then it appears that the kitten itself is more interested in chips than she was before. This is an example of ...
A researcher has conditioned a group of rabbits to stop completely (freeze) when hearing a sound. She did that by making the sound heard just before the rabbits got an electric shock. Then the rabbits were conditioned again, now just before the shock they not only heard the sound, but also a lamp came on. In accordance with the idea that classical conditioning is a cognitive process, the rabbits will in a later test ...
In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's reaction to drooling after hearing the bell is:
If a child shows fear at the sight of his dining chair, then it is likely that ...
To create a high-response-speed after a period of training, you must use a .... during training
Which of the following options is an example of classical conditioning?
Timo is a baby who cries every night. After his parents put him to bed, he starts crying. His parents are close to despair: they have tried everything to stop the crying: start comforting immediately, waiting with giving comfort, not give comfort etc. According to the behaviorists, the behavior of baby Timo is resistant to ... as a result of....
According to the behaviorists, classically conditioned fear can continue to exist because ...
In the classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, the tone / bell acted as the…
Arjen hits his sister. His father says that if he stops beating, he does not have to help with the dishes; a job that Arjen happens to hate. This is an example of:
In classical conditioning, an animal learns the relationship between ...; in instrumental conditioning, an animal learns the relationship between ....
Which rat will show the fastest absorbance with regard to the pressing of a button? A rat trained with
Thorndike was a student of James who was involved in research into animal learning. He also formulated the law of effect. What does this law entail?
Suppose a child smiles automatically when it sees its mother. Now a researcher makes sure that each time a piece of music sounds just before the mother enters the child's room and the child sees his mother. After a while, the child will also smile when only the music is heard. What do we call smiling in response to seeing the mother in the terminology of classical conditioning?
To explain human behavior with the principles of classical conditioning as formulated by Pavlov, John Watson needed a number of unconditioned responses as a basis. What did he propose as unconditioned responses in humans?
Which of William James' students formulated the law of effect, based on his research into the behavior of animals in puzzle boxes?
How could Skinner determine which reinforcement schedule led to the strongest learning effect?
Conditioning of behavior means that:
Who is the founder of operant conditioning?
A rat in a Skinner box makes a loud noise by pressing a lever. This is an example of:
What is not characteristic of operant conditioning?
What is shaping?
For what is shaping a frequently used form, what is its purpose, and how does this procedure work?
In which case can rewarding desirable behavior actually lead to a decrease in that behavior? What is this phenomenon called and explain it.
C. The cognitive-psychological approach
B. Both imply that only the behaviors with favorable consequences continue to exist.
C. operant conditioning
D. discrimination training
B. positive; negative
B. Some time after the reflex has been extinguished, the reflex partially returns.
A. ... classical conditioning.
A. ... according to Garcia and colleagues, deviate from the characteristics of classical conditioning.
C ... is a cognitive process.
B. … learning by observation.
B. stand still when the sound is heard, but not when the lamp comes on.
C. Conditioned response
C. the dining chair is a conditioned stimulus (CS) that leads to a conditioned fear response (CR).
C. variable ratio schedule
C. Miora had suffered a lot of pain during her last visit to the dentist and now gets heart palpitations every time he sees the dentist's house.
D. extinction; partial remuneration (reinforcement)
A. people tend to avoid the feared situation.
C. CS (conditioned stimulus).
B. Negative reinforcement
D. CS and US; response and reward
D. continuous reward
A. that responses followed by something pleasant will occur more often
C. the unconditioned response (UR)
B. unconditioned emotional responses
B. Charles Peirce
C. by looking at extinction
C. people link certain behavior to certain conditions
B. Skinner
B. Negative ratification
D. The person is passive (reacts reflexively)
A. An operant technique or procedure to teach new behavior step by step through positive reinforcement of behavior that is approaching the target behavior.
Shaping is a form of operant conditioning. If a certain desired behavior cannot occur in one go (because that is too difficult), it can be achieved in steps. An animal then comes closer to the desired behavior. The goal is therefore to achieve a certain response that cannot be achieved in one go. The intermediate steps can be achieved by giving a reward every time the behavior comes close to the desired behavior. Circus animals that can do tricks, for example, have learned this through shaping. An elephant can never stand on a ball in one go, but learns this in small steps.
This is about the overjustification effect: this effect is created when an overpayment will replace pleasure as a goal. You no longer do the activity for pleasure, but for money, status or a high reward. Extrinsic motivation factors play a role in this. So you are motivated by other factors to do things, it no longer comes from yourself. So you don't do it because you like it yourself or because you find it satisfying, but because there are factors outside you that make the work attractive.
The memory of your lunch is in your ... memory and your knowledge about objects is in your ... memory.
If you came to your bike this morning, it is stored in your ... memory, what a bike is stored in your ... memory and how you should cycle on it in your ... memory.
When you remember what you did exactly when you heard about the death of Princess Diana, you invoke your ...
Regardless of the type of memory we are talking about, all categories of memory need three memory processes to store something effectively. Which three processes are these?
Name and describe the three types of memory storage.
Does unconscious perception exist? And does unconscious attention exist?
Describe as clearly as possible the most important differences and similarities between the two different 'levels of learning' ('implicit' versus 'explicit').
What is priming? Name and describe two types of priming.
Can explicit learning take place without implicit learning at the same time?
To promote information ending up in long-term memory and be able to be retrieved later, repetition falls short. Which forms of encoding or processing are very effective?
What is understood by semantic memory and what by episodic memory?
A. episodic; semantic
B. episodic; semantic; procedural
B. episodic memory.
A. Encoding, storage, retrieval.
An observation of which you are not aware does exist. For example, you see coke bottles flashing by during a commercial in the cinema. This goes so fast that you do not see it consciously, but unconsciously. This means you can buy a bottle of coke earlier during the break. Unconscious attention does not exist.
Priming is the activation of memories by certain stimuli, the unconscious activation of existing schemas in your head. For example: you cycle on the street and you come across a red Ferrari, but you are not aware of this. In the evening you read a car weekly magazine and you see a picture of a red Ferrari in it. Because of this your eye will fall quicker on this picture because the picture is already unconscious in your head.
In both cases the priming stimuli can be both objects or images, as well as verbal stimuli.
No, you are always learning implicitly. For example, think of learning to cycle. When you learn to ride a bike, you must first consciously do this. With all actions you think. At a certain moment this behavior will be automatic, you call this implicit learning. You learn that at the same time as you explicitly learn.
They cannot exist without each other, because memories are partly formed by general knowledge.
As a kind of "shorthand" (abbreviated notation), researchers sometimes speak of genes "for" artistic aptitude or genes "for" intelligence. What they mean then is that:
The heritability coefficient of a certain trait in a certain population is the variance of that trait to the…
In a study, participants had to find out if someone else was extrovert. They mainly asked questions such as: "Would you rather be with a group than alone?" and "Do you speak easily in a large room?" These types of questions are an example of the…
There is no universally accepted definition of intelligence. One reason for this is that ...
When playing roulette in the casino, the ball (usually) falls into a red box or a black box. When the ball has fallen into a red box a number of times in succession, most people expect the next ball…. This phenomenon is known as ...
Fluid intelligence relates to ... and crystallized intelligence relates to ...
Everyone from Volendam is Dutch. Jan Smit is from Volendam. Jan Smit is therefore a Dutchman. This is an example of ...
Robert sees a man unknown to him pushing someone in the pharmacy. He thinks: "What an antisocial type is that!". Robert is most likely making ...
Which statement is correct?
I: Deductive reasoning is trying to extract new principles or propositions from observations or facts
II: Inductive reasoning is trying to come to a logical conclusion that must be true if you accept certain assumptions as true
More people die in motorcycle accidents than in aircraft accidents per year. When Frits hears on the news that a plane crash has happened, he decides to go from Amsterdam to Berlin with the engine instead of the plane. Frits probably makes an argument based on ...
Missing the insight of using a nail file to open a box is an example of ...
Studies on intelligence show that the correlation between adopted children and their biological mother is greater than that between adopted children and their adopted mothers. The figures are resp. .44 and .38. Which conclusion is most justified on the basis of the above figures.
During the testing of a hypothesis, people often suffer from the 'confirmation bias'. This is:
How much influence does being raised or raised in the same family have on similarity in IQ (measured intelligence) and how can that be explained?
A. Those genes that influence the physiological processes that contribute to artistic or intellectual skills.
A. ... genes is attributable, divided by the total variance of that trait.
B. ... confirmation bias (confirmation bias).
B. ... every culture has different values and therefore a different definition of a well-functioning person.
A. will fall into a black box; predictable-world bias
C. reasoning; facts
A. ... deductive reasoning.
A. ... the fundamental attribution error.
C. I and II are both incorrect
A. the 'availability' heuristics.
B. a mental set.
D. Intelligence is the product of genes and environment.
D. pay more attention to evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis than to evidence that is not
In childhood, the IQ does match, but this correlation disappears when the children are adults. Explanation: Children choose their own environment when they are adults, and their genetic differences influence the environment. The environment also makes sure that the children differ from each other.
Research into the development of implicit memory, semantic memory and episodic memory is usually interpreted in terms of…
Baillargeon found that young babies, around the age of three, already showed knowledge of natural laws. For example, it seems that babies expect an object that is hidden behind a screen to come from behind that specific screen and not from another screen. These experiments were important because they demonstrated that ...
According to Vygotsky, a child develops in a specific way. Which of the descriptions below fits best with his view?
Which of the following statements is least consistent with the information processing perspective of development?
According to Gray, Piaget's theory of cognitive development was criticized, among other things, because the theory underestimated the skills of ....
The process whereby, for example, a young child who sees a horse for the first time and subsequently calls it a cat, is called ....
The fact that so-called wolf children (not deaf, but never exposed to language, for example through neglect) can no longer learn good grammar is, according to Gray, seen as evidence for a critical period in the functioning of the…
According to Piaget, a child can think about the reversible consequences of actions in the:
The term "syntax" refers to ...
Object permanence refers to the consciousness of the child who:
A baby who knows that her teddy bear will survive when it falls behind the couch controls the onset of:
What do the changed-hiding place problem and the invisible displacement problem focus on?
What is a schema in Piaget's theory?
Give a clear description of the most important points on which Vygotsky's sociocultural development differs from that of Piaget.
What did Vygotsky think about language acquisition? Does his opinion differ from that of Piaget?
What is meant by a false belief task?
B. ... information processing.
C. ... the development theory of Piaget needed adaptation.
B. The thinking of children becomes richer because they pick up language from their social environment.
A. The schemas that children use undergo qualitative changes as they develop.
A. ... young children.
B. assimilation.
A. … Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
B. Pre-operational phase
C. the rules according to which words can be combined.
C. objects exist independently of perception or action
C. object permanence
These problems focus on the presence or absence of object permanence in children. This is the principle that an object still exists when it is out of view. Changed-hiding place problem: you put something under one handkerchief and then under the other handkerchief. The child will search for the object under the first handkerchief. Invisible displacement problem: behind your back you change the location of the object.
A schema is an ordered system. Assimilation: How we place new experiences in an existing schema. Accommodation: Adapt your own system to new stimuli.
Sociocultural vision Vygotsky:
Piaget:
Language leads to a higher form of thinking. Words actually become symbols of thought. Words also reflect the activities and values of a culture. Non-communicative language expressions are the transition phase to verbal thought. Children often speak out loud longer for difficult tasks. This makes it easier to solve the problem.
Piaget saw language more as a side effect. The interaction with the environment is not so important for the development of a child.
A false belief task is a task in which it is tested whether children can already empathize with what other people believe, and whether they understand that this may be different from what they themselves believe. Examples of the false belief task are the container test and the displacement test.
Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers showed that providing…
Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys showed that the attachment of these rhesus monkey babies is a result of ...
The strange situation test ...
Kohlberg states that in your moral development you ...
Which parenting style is seen as the best with regard to the education of a child?
According to Harlow, what can you do best as a mother when a child is scared?
Describe the strange-situation test.
A. ... contact with safety (contact comfort) is the most important thing in the development of attachment.
B. ... an innate need for support from contact (contact comfort).
B. … tests the attachment of a child to the mother.
A. ... cannot skip stages. In fact, people cannot even understand reasoning from a stage higher than that in which they themselves are.
B. Authoritative Parenting Style
D. Touch and hold the child
This test examines how children are attached to their parent. The child is put with the mother in a room with toys. Without notice, the mother suddenly leaves the room and leaves the child alone with the toys. The child is securely attached when it plays with self-confidence in front of the mother, gets upset when she leaves and happy when she returns. If the child ignores the mother when she returns, it is avoidantly attached. If the child remains inconsolable, even if the mother has been back long and wide, he is anxiously attached.
In an experiment, a photo of a specific person is offered subliminally. After that, the research participant must respond as quickly as possible to words that are attractive or ugly. In such an investigation ... stereotypes can be investigated.
Test subjects were asked to watch a short film in which a man threatens a woman with a gun. The victim begs for mercy. The subjects then had to describe what they saw. If they say the man with the gun ... and the victim ..., they make the fundamental attribution error.
What is the name of the bias in which people with, among other things, a round head, large forehead and large eyes are found to be fairer?
A salesman calls you to inquire whether you like music. To your affirmative answer, he asks if you like classical or more baroque music. To your answer that you like classical music, he says he has something for you. The seller uses a sales technique based on ...
A statement of group polarization focuses on the influence of information on group members. According to this statement, each person from a group will:
Attitudes do not always predict behavior. This is because...
Sipke sees that Laura stumbles. He blames this on her clumsiness instead of thinking that there might be a stone over which she might have stumbled. This is an example of ...
Which statement does internal attribution refer to?
A lawyer must defend a client. In the opinion of the lawyer, the client is guilty. Based on the cognitive dissonance theory, under which condition the lawyer will be more inclined to believe in the innocence of the client.
What do we call the tendency to attribute behavior to characteristics of a person instead of the situation?
The effectiveness of the foot-in-the-door technique is related to ...
Diffusion of responsibility results in a ... probability that spectators will intervene if something goes wrong.
Some institutions try to encourage people to donate by sending a letter with a small present. This strategy is based on:
Social facilitation:
What exactly is meant by attribution(s) in social psychology?
When should an attribution be attributed to the person and when to the situation?
Which circumstances promote a person bias or a situation bias?
People more often make attributions about the situation regarding themselves than with others. Name two theories that explain this phenomenon. What is this bias called?
What is the definition of a (social) stereotype?
What is the distinction between public, private and implicit stereotypes and how do psychologists identify implicit stereotypes?
In which two ways do stereotypes confirm themselves?
How is the concept of 'attitude' defined in social psychology, and how is the concept of 'value'?
What are the four different functions of attitudes?
What does cognitive dissonance theory entail?
Give an explanation of impression management on the basis of the statement 'impression management is a form of play'.
What exactly does compliance mean? Does obedience include that?
Describe the Milgram study.
If someone is in distress in the midst of the public, action is often not taken. Why not? State as many social factors as possible for an explanation.
A. implicit
B. is an aggressive person; is a frightened person
B. Baby face bias
A. ... cognitive dissonance.
B. … hear many more arguments that argue for his own opinion than arguments that argue against it, making his opinion more extreme.
C. a and b
D. the fundamental attribution error.
B. I did not pass my exam because I have bad memory.
B. When the lawyer gets paid less than usual.
D. Basic attribution error.
C. the attribution of actions to attitudes.
B. smaller
C. the reciprocity principle.
A. refers to an improved performance in the presence of an audience compared to a situation where no audience is present.
An evaluation of the cause of a person's behavior (this is observable). We look for the cause of someone's behavior and make concepts of someone's personality.
To answer this question, one can ask three questions:
This bias is called the actor-observer discrepancy.
Mental concepts that people have from certain groups or people, such as ethnic groups, that reinforce the differences between the groups and minimize the differences within the groups. It is the basis for prejudice.
Attitude: A belief or opinion that has an evaluating component. How do you view certain things? Value: General fairly abstract attitudes that people see as more general principles behind more specific attitudes and actions. Your idea of good and evil in society. These values are a fundamental part of your self-concept.
Four functions of attitudes:
Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger): Your behavior and attitude do not match, which leads to an uncomfortable feeling. You want to resolve this inconsistency. The uncomfortable feeling (both mental and physical) is called cognitive dissonance.
Impression management tries to influence the thoughts of others about themselves. This is done by adapting to the people present. Behavior is consciously and unconsciously changed to influence the impressions of others. So people are not always themselves, and that is why impression management can be seen as a play.
Compliance: The general name for responses such as admitting, meeting another person's request and accepting the situation. Obedience refers to those cases were the request is seen as an order, and that falls under compliance.
Research by Milgram
Year: 1960
Name: Milgram's obedience experiments
Central objective experiment: Identifying the psychological conditions that make a person more likely to meet a request.
The reasons why the test leader was finally admitted:
Criticism:
Maria is very competitive and does not conform to the rules quickly. Indicate on which personality traits Maria would probably score high and which one low.
When studying personality, factor analysis is used to ...
Personality traits are general descriptions of the personality of an individual. In general, personality traits ...
The Big Five theory of personality traits came from ...
What is repression as a defense mechanism?
According to the humanistic approach, people distinguish themselves ...
A school principal develops a test to measure anxiety. She takes the test with two people: Rita and Jan. Rita and Jan are tested both during gym class and during mathematics. The results were as follows:
Gym | Math | |
Rita | 60 | 60 |
Jan | 80 | 80 |
These results suggest that anxiety as measured by the test is caused by ...
Nowadays personality is mainly measured with the Big Five theory, or the five factor model. What does this model entail?
Freud talks about brain defense mechanisms. Name three of these mechanisms and explain how they work.
What is the difference between humanistic and psychodynamic theories about personality?
Explain what the terms 'sibling contrast' and 'split parent identification' mean.
C. Low on friendliness and high on autonomy.
C. ... derive underlying personality traits from large amounts of data.
C. ... predict certain behavior well, but not every behavior.
C. ... factor analyses.
A. Terrifying thoughts are kept out of consciousness.
A. based on the extent to which they update their potentials.
A. personality differences.
This model means that personality is measured on the basis of scores for five different dimensions. These five dimensions are extraversion, openness to new experiences, indulgence, awareness and degree of neurotic being.
(Other correct answers are repression, sublimation and rationalization).
Psychodynamic theories focus on the unconscious thoughts and motivations. The unconscious is more important, more honest and certainly stronger than the conscious. Humanistic theories emphasize how people understand themselves, and how important this is to build a meaningful existence for ourselves. The study of conscious understanding is called phenomenology.
Sibling contrast: Parents emphasize the differences between children. This contrast could prevent rivalry between the siblings and divide the parental investment. Split parent identification: With which parent the children identify themselves the most.
Obsessive compulsive disorder belongs to the ...
Someone tells a psychologist that he thinks he is Rutte. He also often hears a voice that says that he knows the solutions that are needed for Dutch problems. The psychologist diagnoses schizophrenia based on these facts alone. Can a psychologist working in the Netherlands who works according to the rules of the DSM V do this?
Research shows that people can get into depression because of ...
In bipolar disorder ...
A symptom of schizophrenia is referred to as negative when ...
Depression is related to reduced activity in ...
The dopamine hypothesis is based on the idea that schizophrenia is the result of:
Which of the following options is a mood disorder?
When evaluating the effectiveness of a medication, one should take into account the possible effects of
Automutilation is mainly found in ...
Instability and impulsiveness are characteristics of the:
The DSM classifies disorders on the basis of
Someone suffers from schizophrenia and believes he has been sent by God to heal people from diabolical influences. This idea is an example of a:
How does bipolar depression differ from unipolar depression?
What can be said about the degree of reliability and validity of the current version of the DSM and, in connection with this, about the usability of this instrument?
What are the main classes of symptoms in schizophrenia?
How did the researchers try to classify the subtypes of schizophrenia based on symptoms?
A. ... anxiety disorders.
B. No, this is insufficient for a schizophrenia diagnosis.
C. ... losses that cause a permanent change in one's life.
A. depressive periods are alternated with manic periods.
B. it refers to a deficiency in normal functioning.
C. the frontal lob.
B. the overactivity of a number of neurons that are sensitive to dopamine.
D. Depression
D. the expectations of the researchers
A. schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder
B. borderline personality disorder
B. Psychological and behavioral symptoms
D. Delusion
A bipolar depression has the same phases of depression as a unipolar depression, where there is a feeling of sadness and the feeling of being worthless. At the same time there are also phases in which the patient experiences euphoria and the feeling that he can handle everything (these are the manic periods).
DSM: list with a number of characteristics or symptoms of certain disorders and based on that you can make a diagnosis. Reliability and validity are two different concepts. Both are debatable with regard to the DSM. The validity can be increased if more research is done. Nevertheless, the DSM is used a lot, for lack of better. Caution when using is very important. For example, there should not be too much emphasis on certain symptoms. Care must be taken that a person is not seen as a syndrome, but as an individual with unique personal characteristics.
There are two classes with symptoms of schizophrenia, positive and negative symptoms:
Positive symptoms:
Negative symptoms:
Three types of types of people with schizophrenia:
Human behavior can be studied from different perspectives within psychology. A psychologist who in her research into sexual jealousy emphasizes the role of our beliefs and interpretations has apparently opted for a….
Which of the following factors plays an intermediary role in the placebo effect in most cases?
A therapist asks an adult patient who is being treated for depression about the conflicts she used to have with her father. The therapist probably uses an ... orientation at that time.
A therapy where the emphasis is on the assumption that psychological problems arise from mental conflicts and that conscious insight into those conflicts is a precondition for recovery is a…
Some patients get better in therapy simply because they believe it will benefit them. This demonstrates the ...
“People need more than food and sex. .... Some actions are intrinsically satisfying because they create joy. "
The person who makes these statements is probably a:
Cognitive therapy helps the patient with:
What do antipsychotic drugs do?
What are the three principles of humanistic therapy?
What is the most commonly used therapy nowadays?
Name two types of therapy within behavioral therapy and explain.
Briefly explain how people with a mental disorder were treated in history.
C
A
C
C
D
B
D
These drugs reduce the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which reduces psychotic symptoms, but does not cure patients. Moreover, they all have very unpleasant side effects.
This is a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy. Both the undesirable behavior and the maladaptive attitudes that underlie it are tackled.
Until the 17th century it was often thought that people with mental illness were possessed by the devil or were otherwise bad. The most sadistic treatments followed. In the 18th century so-called hospitals were created, where people with little space or hygiene were locked up. Dorothea Dix came with her moral-treatment movement in the 19th century, where people were helped under better conditions. This continued until around 1950, when a wave of de-institutionalization arose. From then on it became important to get people from the clinics back into society.
Because of the emphasis of the book on the information processing model of the mind, it is important to memorize this and to be able to explain it properly. Because of the emphasis, it is to be expected that questions will be asked about the exam.
Among other things, the following terms are important terms from this chapter: anterograde amnesia, attention, central executive, consciousness, consolidation, dual-processing theories, encoding, executive functions, memory, retrieval, retrograde amnesia, schema and scripts. Make sure you understand and understand these terms by heart before the exam.
There are very many types of memory. To learn these well and to know the distinction between the different types well, it can help to place them in a table. This gives you an overview.
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