HOW PROBABILITY QUANTIFIES RANDOMNESSProbability is the way we quantify uncertainness. It measures the chances of the possible outcomes for random phenomena. A random phenomenon is an everyday occurrence for which the outcome is uncertain. With random phenomena, the proportion of times that something happens is highly random and variable in the short run, but very predictable in the long run. The law of large numbers states that if the number of trials increases, the proportion of occurrences of any outcome approaches a given number. The probability of a particular outcome is the proportion of times that the outcome would occur in a long run of observations.Different trials of a random phenomena are independent if the outcome of any one trial is not affected by the outcome of any other trial (e.g: if you have three children who are boys, the chance of the next child being a girl is not higher, but still ½).In the subjective definition of probability, the probability is not based on objective data, but rather subjective information. The probability of an outcome is defined to be a personal probability. This is called Bayesian statistics. FINDING PROBABILITIESThe sample space is the set of all possible outcomes (e.g: with being pregnant, the sample space is: {boy, girl}). An event is a subset of the sample space. An event corresponds to a particular outcome or a group of possible outcomes (e.g: a particular outcome or a group of possible outcomes). The probability of an event has the following formula:For example, if you want to know the probability of the event throwing 6 with a fair dice, you calculate it like this: Number of outcomes in event A: 1 (there is only one possibility to throw 6)Number of outcomes in the sample space: 6 (you can throw between 1 and 6)P(A) = 1/6The rest of the sample space for event A is called the complement of A. The complement of an event consists of all outcomes in the sample space that are not in the...