Statistics, the art and science of learning from data by A. Agresti (fourth edition) – Chapter 1 summary
USING DATA TO ANSWER STATISTICAL QUESTIONSThe information we gather with experiments and surveys is collectively called data. Statistics is the art and science of learning from data. Statistical problem solving consists of four things:Formulate a statistical questionCollect dataAnalyse dataInterpret resultsThe three main components of statistics for answering a statistical question are:DesignStating the goal and/or statistical question of interest and planning how to obtain data that will address them. (e.g: how do you conduct an experiment to determine the effects of ‘X’)DescriptionSummarizing and analysing the data that are obtained (e.g: summarizing people’s tv-habits in ‘hours of tv watched per day’)InferenceMaking decisions and predictions based on the data for answering the statistical question. (predicting the outcome of an election, based on the description of the data)Probability is a framework for quantifying how likely various possible outcomes are. SAMPLE VERSUS POPULATIONThe entities that are measured in a study are called the subjects. This usually means people, but it can also be schools, countries or days. The population is the set of all the subjects of interest. In practice, we usually have data for only some of the subjects who belong to that population. These subjects are called a sample. Descriptive statistics refers to methods for summarizing the collected data. The summaries usually consist of graphs and numbers such as averages and percentages. Inferential statistics are used when data are available from a sample only, but we want to make a decision or prediction about the entire population. Inferential statistics refers to methods of making decisions or predictions about a population, based on data obtained from a sample of that population. A parameter is a numerical summary of the population. A statistic is a numerical summary of a sample taken from the population. The true parameter values are...
Add new contribution