This bundle contains everything you need to know for the fifth interim exam for the course "Scientific & Statistical Reasoning" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains both articles, book chapters and lectures. It consists of the following materials:
Field, Chapter 6 |
Field, Chapter 8 |
Field, Chapter 9 |
Field, Chapter 11 |
Foster (2010) |
Pearl (2018) |
SRH (2008) – Chapter 3 |
|
Kievit, Frankenhaus, Waldorp & Borsboom (2013) |
Dienes (2008) – Chapter 1 |
Marewski & Olsson (2009) |
SRH (2008) – Chapter 9 |
Furr & Bacharach (2014) |
Mitchell & Tetlock (2017) |
LeBel & Peters (2011) |
Bias can be detrimental for the parameter estimates (1), standard errors and confidence intervals (2) and the test statistics and p-values (3). Outliers and violations of assumptions are forms of bias.
An outlier is a score very different from the rest of the data. They bias parameter estimates and have an impact on the error associated
........Read moreVariance of a single variable represents the average amount that the data vary from the mean. The cross-product deviation multiplies the deviation for one variable by the corresponding deviation for the second variable. The average value of the cross-product deviation is the covariance. This is an averaged sum of combined deviation. It uses the following formula:
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Any straight line can be defined by the slope (1) and the point at which the line crosses the vertical axis of the graph (intercept) (2). The general formula for the linear model is the following:
Regression analysis refers to fitting a linear model to data and using it to
........Read moreModeration refers to the combined effect of two or more predictor variables on an outcome. This is also known as an interaction effect. A moderator variable is one that affects the relationship between two others. It affects the strength or direction of the relationship between the variables.
The interaction effect indicates whether moderation has occurred. The predictor
........Read moreThe problem of causality is difficult in developmental psychology, as many questions of that field regard factors that a person cannot be randomly assigned to (e.g. single parent family). Causal inference refers to the study and measurement of cause-and-effect relationships outside of random assignment.
In the current situation in developmental psychology, it is unclear among researchers
........Read moreConfounding bias occurs when a variable influences both who is selected for the treatment and the outcome of the experiment. If a possible confounding variable is known, it is possible to control for the possible confounding variable. Researchers tend to control for all possible variables, which leaves the possibility of controlling for the thing you are trying to
........Read moreA common element in all experiments is the deliberate manipulation of an assumed cause followed by an observation of the effects that follow. A quasi-experiment is an experiment that does not uses random assignment of participants to conditions.
An inus condition is an insufficient but non-redundant part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition. It is insufficient, because in itself
........Read moreSimpson’s paradox states that the direction of an association at the population-level may be reversed within subgroups of that population. Inadequate attention to the Simpson’s paradox may lead to faulty inferences. The Simpson’s paradox can arise because of differences in proportions on subgroup levels compared to population levels. It also states that a pattern (association) does not need
........Read moreA falsifier of a theory is any potential observation statement that would contradict the theory. There are different degrees of falsifiability, as some theories require fewer data points to be falsified than others. In other words, simple theories should be preferred as these theories require fewer data points to be falsified. The greater the universality a theory, the
........Read moreOne way of avoiding the null hypothesis testing ritual in science is to increase the precision of theories by casting them as formal models. Rituals can be characterized by a repetition of the same action (1), fixations on special features (2), anxieties about punishment for rule violation (3) and wishful thinking (4). The null hypothesis testing ritual is
........Read moreA theory is a concise statement about how we believe the world to be. There are several things to look at when evaluating theories:
1. Descriptive adequacy
Does the theory accord with the available data?
2. Precision and interpretability
Is the theory described in a sufficiently precise fashion that it is easy to interpret?
3. Coherence and consistency
Are
........Read moreThere are four procedures to present the implications of a correlation in terms of our ability to use the correlations to make successful predictions:
Validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entailed by the proposed uses (e.g. to what degree does it measure what it is supposed to measure). Items of a test itself cannot be valid or invalid, only the interpretations can be valid or invalid.
Validity is a property of the interpretation
........Read moreScaling refers to assigning numerical values to psychological attributes. Individuals in a group should be similar to each other in the regard of sharing a psychological feature. There are rules to follow in order to put people in categories:
Before the existence of the IAT, indirect measures of prejudice were developed in order to overcome response bias and psychologists began to examine automatic processes that may contribute to contemporary forms of prejudice. After the existence of the IAT, implicit prejudice became the same thing as widespread unconscious prejudices that are more difficult to spot and regularly infect
........Read morePsi refers to the anomalous retroactive influence of future events on an individual’s current behaviour. There are three important deficiencies in modal research practice: an overemphasis on conceptual replication (1), insufficient attention to verifying the integrity of measurement instruments and experimental procedures (2) problems with the implementation of null hypothesis testing (3).
The interpretation bias refers
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