There are several problems with linguistic phenomena that makes an argument difficult to understand. The set of things a word is about is called the extension.Ambiguity occurs if a sentence can be interpreted in more than one way and should be avoided when trying to persuade using an argument. There are two types of ambiguity:Lexical ambiguityThis can occur if certain words have more than one meaning. This means that a word can be lexical ambiguous if it has more extensions. Lexical ambiguous words are not ambiguous in every context. There are words that can be ambiguous in speech but not in written text, as it is written differently, but sounds the same.Syntactic ambiguityThis can occur if the arrangement of words in a sentence is such that it can be understood in multiple ways. Syntactic ambiguity is more difficult to understand using the context.Vagueness occurs if the meaning of a word is indefinite or unclear (e.g. rights). Vagueness can also refer to words of which the meaning is clear, but there is no precise demarcation between that word and another (e.g. orange and yellow).The primary connotation of a word are the necessary and sufficient conditions for something to count as part of that term’s extension (e.g. ram: male, sheep). The secondary connotation of a word are characteristics of the word but are not necessary for something to count as part of that term’s extension (e.g. ram: woolly, horns). Words that are vague often have an unclear primary connotation and a rich secondary connotation. Metaphors function by only using the secondary connotation of a word. Rhetorical questions are questions that indirectly assert a proposition. Irony refers to making a statement that, taken literally, conveys the opposite of the message people are trying to convey (e.g. ‘very tasteful’). Implicitly relative sentences make a comparison with some group of things but that comparison is not explicitly mentioned. Quantifiers are words and...