There are two historical examples of studies that violated several ethical criteria.Tuskegee Syphilis StudyThis experiment involves black men diagnosed with syphilis, who were lied to, not told that the experiment was about syphilis and intentionally not treated. Participants in this study were not treated respectfully, they were harmed and the researcher targeted a disadvantaged social group in this study. Milgram Obedience StudiesThis experiment shows that ethical violations are often much more nuanced. Participants in this experiment were debriefed after the experiment. It also shows that balancing the potential risks to participants and the value of the knowledge gained is not an easy decision.The Belmont Report outlines three main principles for guiding ethical decision making:Principle of respect for personsThis includes two provisions. The participants should be treated as autonomous agents. Each person is entitled to the precaution of informed consent. People with less autonomy (e.g: children, mentally disabilities) should be protected. Coercion is an implicit or an explicit suggestion that those who do not participate will suffer a negative consequence.The principle of beneficenceResearchers must take precautions to protect the participants of harm and to ensure their well-being. Valuable knowledge must be gained while inflicting as less as possible harm. To prevent harm by collecting personal data, the study can be conducted as an anonymous study. In a confidential study, researchers collect some identifying information, but prevent it from being disclosed. The principle of justiceThis calls for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in a study and the kinds of people who benefit from it.The APA outlines five general principles for guiding individual aspects of ethical behaviour. Three of the give general principles are the same principles as in the Belmont Report. The other two are:Fidelity and...