While in the past being hurt was seen as a "personality trait", it turned out that there is no difference in proneness to injury.It is often difficult to judge a situation to be safe or not. 2 systems for processing informationSystem 1:FastUnconsciousIntuitiveSensitive for picturesSystem 2:SlowConscious reasoningEvaluateSensitive for informationSystem 1 always gives an immediate reaction, this is ‘uncontrollable’.System 2 has to be activatedUnfortunately this reaction is not always good. Estimates of probability and impact are strongly influenced by:SaliencyAvailabilityPublic outrage Example: 9/11 very salient, but actually much more people died in car accidents that week. Example: While hurricane Maria got little media coverage, it was more destructive than hurricane Harvey. Example: the public outrage for a gun crime is much higher than the actual hazard Not-intentional behavior:Skill-based slip (Error of commission)Skill-based-lapse (Error of omission)Intentional behaviourRule- or knowledge-based mistakeViolation Significant jump in risk of error after 8 hours of workingRisk of mistake is more than double after 90 minutes after break compared to 30 minutes Fixation on expected solutionsConfuse new problems with old problems with known solutions Who violates?Violators can be found at all levels of an organisationPeople may treat rules as prescriptions for others but only as guidance for themselvesIncidents may have been caused because people followed (bad?) proceduresPersonality characteristic: sheep or wolf? ‘Human error’ research looked at individual behaviour and ways to ‘fix it’Reason and Rasmussen caused a...