MC-questions
Question 1
What is true about TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)?
It activates a relatively small volume of cortex, roughly equivalent to an MRI voxel.
It is an invase technique that can only be performed on anaesthetized humans.
It involves a short-lived magnetic field over a specific area of the skull, with which a specific part of the brain can be stimulated.
Open questions
Question 2
What are the advantages of using multiple methods over just using one method?
Answer indication
Question 1
C. It involves a short-lived magnetic field over a specific area of the skull, with which a specific part of the brain can be stimulated.
Question 2
There are two advantages. Using multiple methods leads to convergence as well as complementarity. Convergence refers to using different studies to reinforce the results. When you perform multiple, different studies but still obtain the same result, your result is more reliable. Complementarity refers to the unique combination of different methods to study a concept. For example, using fMRI to measure blood and oxygen levels and using single-unit recordings to see how neurons transmit information.
MC-questions
Question 1
What is the inverse problem?
It stems from a troubling dependency of individual scalp electrodes to reverse polarity
It stems from the inverse electrical polarities encountered in the occipital and frontal cortices
It concerns ambiguities in the spatial origin of the EEG signal
Open questions
Question 2
What is a double dissociation?
Answer indication
Question 1
C. It concerns ambiguities in the spatial origin of the EEG signal
Question 2
A double dissociation is found when function A is affected when brain part A is damaged, but not when part B is damaged.
MC-questions
Question 1
What is prosopagnosia?
An inability to recognize speech
An inability to recognize gender
An inability to recognize faces
Open questions
Question 2
What is synaesthesia?
Answer indication
Question 1
C. An inability to recognize faces
Question 2
When people have synaesthesia, this means that they mix different sensory experiences. For example, they see the letter 'X', in the color blue. There are different forms of synaesthesia, and it is not yet clear how it develops.
MC-questions
Question 1
What is true about the primary auditory cortex?
It receives most of the signals from the hypothalamus
It receives most of the signals from the hippocampus
It receives most of the signals from the amygdala
Answer indication
Question 1
A. It receives most of the signals from the hypothalamus
MC-questions
Question 1
What is apraxia?
It reflects a deficit in the ability to perform any movement
It reflects a deficit in the ability to perform earlier learned movements
It reflects a deficit in the ability to produce speech
Answer indication
Question 1
B. It reflects a deficit in the ability to perform earlier learned movements
MC-questions
Question 1
What is correct regarding the ERP in the ‘attentional blink’?
There is a reduced P1 and N1
There is a reduced N300
There is a N400 visible
Question 2
What is true about the MMN?
It is an ERP component that is the result of the perception of an abnormal stimulus.
It is used as a marker of auditory feature analysis
It starts at about 300 ms at the earliest
Question 3
Attention-related reentrant activity refers to...
Mutual interactions between competing stimuli
Activation of higher-level sensory cortical areas before activation of early level areas
A return of attention-related activity to low-level sensory cortical areas
Open questions
Question 4
What is the Cocktail Party Effect and what is it related to?
Answer indication
Question 1
C. There is a N400 visible
Question 2
A. It is an ERP component that is the result of the perception of an abnormal stimulus.
Question 3
C. A return of attention-related activity to low-level sensory cortical areas
Question 4
The Cocktail Party Effect has to do with attention. It refers to that when you are at a busy party, you are able to focus on your conversation, even though there is a lot of noise in the area.
MC-questions
Question 1
What are pop-out stimuli?
Stimuli that have a very strange colour
Stimuli that have a large size
Stimuli that differ on one characteristic compared to the other stimuli
Answer indication
Question 1
C. Stimuli that differ on one characteristic compared to the other stimuli
MC-questions
Question 1
What are the three different processes of the memory?
Encoding, retrieval, and storage
Encrypting, rehearsal, and storage
Assembling, retrieval, and storage
Answer indication
Question 1
A. Encoding, retrieval, and storage
Questions
Question 1
Retrograde amnesia refers to…
Memory loss of information before brain damage
Memory loss of information after brain damage
Memory loss in general
Answer indication
Question 1
A. Memory loss of information before brain damage
MC-questions
Question 1
According to Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis, ...
there are internal representations of different bodily states that mark personal consequences of actions to particular situations.
each emotion has a different sensory receptive field.
the integrity and functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is instrumental in learning associations that determine future consequences.
Open questions
Question 2
What are two effects of emotions on memories?
Answer indication
Question 1
A. There are internal representations of different bodily states that mark personal consequences of actions to particular situations.
Question 2
First, flashbulb memories are vivid memories of an event. Because of heightened arousal, these events are better remembered on the long-term. The emotion enhancement hypothesis states that memory consolidation is heightened because of emotional arousal. Second, chronic stress may produce longlasting high cortisol levels, which may damage the hippocampus and impair memory.
MC-questions
Question 1
What is the basis for self-reflective thoughts?
Being able to produce speech
Awareness of one’s physical state
Awareness of others’ actions
Answer indication
Question 1
B. Awareness of one’s physical state
MC-questions
Question 1
What is true about language?
Everyone can learn a new language, regardless of their age
There is a critical period for learning language
Children experience difficulties when they are raised bilateral
Answer indication
Question 1
B. There is a critical period for learning language
MC-questions
Question 1
What can be said about the environment-dependent syndrome? Patients with this syndrome…
Easily change their behavior according to their environment
Show behaviors that are determined by their environment
Learn behaviors easily in different environments
Answer indication
Question 1
B. Show behaviors that are determined by their environment
MC-questions
Question 1
What is true about gambling addiction?
Pathological gamblers are most common in men between the ages of 18 and 30
Pathological gamblers have abnormal activation patterns in brain areas involved in reward evaluation
Pathological gamblers experience lower negative feelings during losses
Question 2
What happens when rats are injected with a lot of dopamine?
They run around, showing happiness
They have more sex
They do not eat, even when they are hungry
Question 3
What is statement is true?
I. People choose for 110 euro after 52 weeks instead of 100 euros after 51 weeks.
II. People choose for 110 euro after a week instead of 100 euros now
Only statement I is true
Only statement II is true
Both statements are true
Question 4
What can be said about dopamine?
It is about wanting rather than liking
It is about liking rather than wanting
It is about liking as well as wanting
Open questions
Question 5
Dopaminergic reward mechanisms are part of so called actor-critic learning models, in which the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) constitute the critic and the dorsal basal ganglia are a crucial part of the actor system. Explain how this critic-actor ensemble is capable of learning to associate actions with (expected) rewards.
Question 6
What are heuristics? And what is the endowment heuristic?
Answer indication
Question 1
B. Pathological gamblers have abnormal activation patterns in brain areas involved in reward evaluation
Question 2
C. They do not eat, even when they are hungry
Question 3
A. Only statement I is true
Question 4
A. It is about wanting rather than liking
Question 5
Actor-critic learning models assume that two brain systems exist, a “critic” who evaluates whether rewards are better or worse than expected, and an “actor” who evaluates the values of certain behaviors to increase future rewards. The ventral striatum is associated with the “critic” system that evaluates reward signals through input from the VTA. Neurons in the dorsal striatum are associated with the creation of behavioral plans through the “actor” system.
Question 6
Heuristics are strategies that people use to deal with the world around time in a simpler way. The endowment heuristic states that people value items that they own, as higher compared to when they do not own it.
MC-questions
Question 1
What is true about the savant syndrome?
Savants are people that do poorly on all areas of life
Savants are people that often perform poorly on basic tasks, but they have a extreme talent in one specific task
The savant syndrome occurs after the acquisition of brain damage
Answer indication
Question 1
B. Savants are people that often perform poorly on basic tasks, but they have a extreme talent in one specific task
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