Statistics, the art and science of learning from data by A. Agresti (fourth edition) – Chapter 3 summary
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TWO CATEGORICAL VARIABLESWhen analysing data the first step is to distinguish between the response variable and the explanatory variable. The response variable is the outcome variable on which comparisons are made. If the explanatory variable is categorical, it defines the groups to be compared with respect to values for the response variable. If the explanatory variable is quantitative, it defines the change in different numerical values to be compared with respect to values for the response variable. The explanatory variable should explain the response variable (e.g: survival status is a response variable and smoking status is the explanatory variable).An association exists between two variables if a particular value for one variable is more likely to occur with certain values of the other variable. A contingency table is a display for two categorical variables. Conditional proportions are proportions which formation is conditional on ‘x’. A conditional proportion should be conditional to something. A conditional proportion is also a percentage. The proportion of the totals (e.g: percentage of total amount of ‘no’) is called a marginal proportion.There is probably an association between two variables if there is a clear explanatory/response relationship, that dictates which way we compute the conditional proportions. Conditional proportions are useful in determining if there’s an association. A variable can be independent from another variable. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TWO QUANTITATIVE VARIABLESWe examine a scatterplot to study association. There is a difference between a positive association and a negative association. If there is a positive association, x goes up as y goes up. If there is a negative association, x goes up as y goes down. Correlation describes the strength of the linear association. Correlation (r) summarizes th direction of the association between two quantitative variables and the strength of...
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