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Nutrition is part of a balance:Undernutrition: immunosuppression and susceptibility to infectionOptimal nutrition: normal immune functionOvernutrition: immune-activation and susceptibility to inflammatory diseasesThere is malnutrition in case of undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition is an insufficient intake of macro- or micronutrients to meet nutritional needs. Macronutrients are proteins and fat, micronutrients are vitamins and minerals. There are 2 types of undernutrition:Growth failureMicronutrient malnutritionOvernutrition is an excess amount of energy leading to overweight and possibly chronic disease. Besides a demographic and epidemiologic transition, there also is a nutrition transition. There is interaction between these 3 transitions. Nutrition transition is the pattern from scarcity to over-consumption → a change from an active lifestyle and whole grain foods to a sedentary lifestyle and ready-made convenience foods. A nutritional transition has different stages:Paleolithic man/hunter-gatherersSettlements begin → famine emerges → high prevalence of undernutritionIndustrialization → receding famine → slow mortality declineNutrition related noncommunicable diseases predominateDesired societal/behavioral change → focus on medical intervention, policy initiatives and behavioral changes There are different types of macronutrient undernutrition:Normal: normal weight and heightWasted: thinner than normalStunted: shorter than normalWasted and stunted: thinner and shorter than normalWasting is indicative of acute undernutrition, such as in famine or emergencies requiring humanitarian assistance. Stunting is indicative of chronic undernutrition and is common in low income populations in non-emergency cases. Wasting: extreme...
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