Charles DarwinCharles Darwin was not a psychologist, but rather a naturalist or biologist. He is fundamental for introducing a new way of looking at nature and human beings. He revolutionised our perspectives on the world, introducing a naturalistic way of looking at the natural world. There were no miracles - everything, humans included, had a natural cause. Thus, the mind and behaviour should be explainable by natural causes. In Darwin's day, this was rather controversial, and it made atheism a valid belief.Darwin was fascinated with variation and extinction within species. He studied fossils and eventually came up with the theory of evolution and natural selection. This was opposed by religious people. For one, Darwin's theories went against what was written in the Bible. However, there were also many philosophical arguments. The Religious ViewWilliam Paley's Argument from Design is one of the most well-known of these arguments. It goes like this: Suppose you don't know what a clock is, and you wonder to yourself, where does it come from? You open it up and realise that all of the parts of the clock are perfectly designed for the purpose of telling time. This perfection shows that the clock has been designed, and the same goes for the perfection within plants and animals. According to Paley's theory, plants and animals must have come from an intelligent designer, or God. As it turns out, though, the organs of many...