What does abnormality mean? - Exam 1

1. Name the four D's of abnormality and explain what they mean.

2. What kind of theory of abnormality could the old Chinese theory of the life-air breath be labeled?

1. A biological theory

2. A supernatural theory

3. A psychosocial theory

3. Which term is described here? Behavior that is followed by positive consequences will be repeated more often than behavior that is followed by negative consequences.

1. Classical conditioning

2. Operant conditioning

3. Learning through observation

4. Learning through punishment and rewarding

4. What does 'cultural relativism' mean?

1. That there are no universal standards or rules to classify behavior as abnormal, behavior can only be abnormal according to prevailing standards.

2. That in different cultures very different disorders can occur, which you have to take into account in the assessment.

Answers

1. Dysfunction, Distress, Deviance and Dangerousness

• Behavior and feelings are dysfunctional when they interfere with someone's functioning in daily life. The more dysfunctional the behavior, the greater the chance that this is labeled as abnormal.

• Behavior and feelings that distress causeto the individual and the persons around him are also often regarded as abnormal.

• Strongly deviant (deviant) behaviors, such as chronic lying and stealing, lead to assessments of abnormality.

• Behaviors that are dangerous (dangerous) to the individual, such as self-harm, or to others, such as serious aggression, are also seen as abnormal.

1. A. A biological theory. This theory assumes that human emotions were controlled by internal organs. When the life air flowed through one of these organs, a certain emotion belonging to that organ was experienced.

1. B. Operant conditioning

2. A

Which theories and treatments of abnormality exist? - Exam 2

1. Which approach to explaining psychological complaints is based on a person's convictions, life experience and relationships?

1. The biological approach

2. The psychological approach

3. The sociocultural approach

2. Which of the subcortical structures deals with memory?

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Hippocampus

4. Amygdala

3. Which statement is correct?

1. Behaviors are taught the fastest with the help of a continuous reinforcement schedule

2. Behaviors learned with a partial reinforcement schedule are the fastest to learn again

1. Only claim I is correct

2. Only claim II is correct

3. Both statements are correct

4. Both statements are incorrect

4. With which form of prevention is attempted to inhibit a disorder that is in a very early phase?

1. Primary prevention

2. Secondary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

5. In general, lower levels of serotonin are associated with:

1. Dominant and rigid behavior

2. Fearful and aggressive behavior

6. Which neurotransmitter plays a role in aggressive impulses?

1. Serotonin

2. Dopamine

7. In which type of therapy are negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety identified and altered?

1. Cognitive therapy

2. Psychodynamic therapy

Answers

1. B. The psychological approach. For example, the biological approach assumes a genetic predisposition. The socio-cultural approach is based on cultural values ​​or social environment.

1. C. Hippocampus. The thalamus sends incoming information from the senses to the cerebrum. The hypothalamus regulates eating, drinking and sexual behavior. The Amygdala is critical for emotions such as fear.

1. A. Only claim I is correct. Behaviors learned with a partial reinforcement schedule are very difficult to learn because the person is used to not being rewarded continuously. So less reward is needed to maintain the behavior.

1. B. Secondary prevention. Primary prevention attempts to change the circumstances so that the disorder does not arise at all. In the case of tertiary prevention, an attempt is made to limit the impact of an already existing disorder as much as possible.

2. B

3. A

4. A

How can you assess and diagnose abnormality? - Exam 3

1. What kind of validity is described here? Describes the extent to which a test measures the important aspects of the phenomenon to be investigated and omits the unimportant aspects.

1. Face validity

2. Content validity

3. Competitor validity

4. Construct validity

2. What form of reliability is described here? Using different forms of the test when they are tired again.

1. Test-retest reliability

2. Internal reliability

3. Interrater reliabilityvisualize

4. Alternate form reliability

3. In which brain imaging technique is a radioactive substance injected tothe brain?

1. Positron-emission tomography (PET)

2. Computerized tomography (CT)

3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

4. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

4. Which disorders are not on axis 1 in the DSM-V?

1. Depression and anxiety

2. Personality disorders and mental retardation

3. Autism spectrum disorders

4. Living environment

5. In 1980 the DSM-III came out. Since then, psychiatric diagnostics have progressed, especially in the areas of:

1. Reliability

2. Validity

6. What does a clinical assessment / assessment involve?

1. An assessment is giving a label to a number of symptoms that often occur together.

2. An assessment is the process of collecting symptoms and looking at what the causes may be.

7. What conditions must assessment techniques fulfill?

1. Assessment techniques must be efficient, reliable and valid.

2. Assessment techniques must be reliable, valid and standardized.

8. Which concept belongs to the following description: 'Using direct observations to determine someone's thoughts, feelings and behavior in certain situations'.

1. Personality Inventory

2. Behavior Assessment

9. A PET scan provides an image of the ....

1. Activity of the brain

2. Structure of the brain

10. What do psychophysiological tests involve?

1. With measurable changes in the nervous system that show emotional and psychological changes.

2. With the determination of certain neurological abnormalities, such as the presence of brain tumors.

11. Classification is ...

1. Making a certain diagnosis for an individual

2. Organizing problems of individuals in certain groups

12. Klaas is diagnosed with a Major Depressive Disorder and a Post Traumatic Disorder. The presence of two or more disorders at Klaas is mentioned at the same time.

1. Comorbidity

2. Multiple syndrome

13. What is an advantage of self-observation?

1. That behavior can be tracked and registered at more times.

2. The influence of the presence of another person will lapse. This is called reactivity.

14. Why are projective tests not often used by clinicians other than psychodynamic therapists?

1. It takes a lot of time to take these tests.

2. The reliability and validity of these tests are not high

15. What is an example of a projective technique?

1. The thematic apperception test

2. Observing someone in a conflict

Answers

1. B. Content validity

1. D. Alternate form reliability

1. A. Positron-emission tomography (PET). It is also still done at Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), this is a less expensive technique, but also less accurate.

1. D. Living environment

2. A

3. B

4. B

5. B

6. A

7. A

8. B

9. A

10. B

11. B

12. A

Which anxiety disorders exist? - Exam 4

1. What is not one of the four symptoms required for a diagnosis of PTSD?

1. Reliving the traumatic experience

2. Depression

3. Emotional anesthesia

4. Hyper vigilance

2. Name five possible symptoms that occur during a panic attack.

3. What is the difference between treatment of panic disorder on the basis of medication, compared to treatment by cognitive behavioral therapy?

1. Treatment with medicines works better in the short term than cognitive behavioral therapy, but worse in the long termworse in the

2. Drug treatment worksshort term than cognitive behavioral therapy, but better in the long term

3. Drug treatment works in the short term as well as cognitive behavioral therapy, but worse in the long term

4. Drug treatment works just as well in the short term as cognitive behavioral therapy, but better in the long term

4. With which other disorder is a social phobia rare?

1. Behavioral disorder

2. Mood

3. disorder Anxiety disorder

4. Avoiding personality disorder

5. Benzodiazepines ...

1. are effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder, but are not effective in treating panic attacks.

2. Are effective in treating panic attacks as long as the use is continued. ...

6. The frequency of panic attacks is reduced by antidepressants:

1. In more than half of patients with panic disorder.

2. In patients who have a panic disorder, and also suffer from depression.

7. The four symptom criteria of the DSM-V diagnosis post-traumatic stress disorder are:

1. Repetitions; Avoidance; Negative changes in thoughts and state of mind; Increased arousal.

2. Impulsivity; Suicidal thoughts; Addiction behavior; Fear

8. In patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and in depressed patients who have been maltreated in childhood, structural brain abnormalities can be seen. One of those characteristics is that the hippocampus: The

1. average is larger, which could have to do with the fact that the hippocampus has to 'work overtime' to keep the amygdala response in check.

2. On average, it is smaller, which could be related to the toxic effects of chronically elevated cortisol levels.

9. A panic attack is relatively rare according to the DSM-V. Is this correct or not?

1. True, about 1% of the population ever live in their lives.

2. This is not true, about 28% of the population ever makes a panic attack.

10. Adriaan regularly has blaspheming thoughts and then says exactly fifteen times a vow to make this 'good'. He is finally working on it for hours a day. These vowels are an example of:

1. Illusion

2. Compulsion

11. Antidepressants, especially antidepressants that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin:

1. Aggravate Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

2. Have a modest positive effect on obsessive-compulsive disorder.

12. An anxiety disorder that occurs proportionally more often in women than in men is:

1. OCD

2. Panic Disorder

13. In people with depression there is a chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis. This leads to damage to the ...

1. Amygdala

2. Hippocampus

14. What is agoraphobia?

1. Agoraphobia is a specific phobia, namely the fear of spiders.

2. Agoraphobia is the fear and avoidance of situations or public places that are seen as unsafe.

15. In people with post-traumatic stress disorder ...

1. Reacts the amygdala more violently to emotional stimuli and the medial prefrontal cortex is less active.

2. Reacts the amygdala more violently to emotional stimuli and is the medial prefrontal cortex more active

16. In which part of the nervous system does the CRF hormone belong?

1. In the parasympathetic nervous system

2. In the sympathetic nervous system

17. Comorbidity (appearance of two or more disorders in an individual) also occurs in anxiety disorders. With which other disorder are anxiety disorders the most comorbid?

1. Depression

2. Bipolar disorder

18. In cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders, clients are often exposed in small steps to situations they are afraid of. How is this technique called?

1. Systematic desensitization

2. Gradual habituation

19. At Hoarding ...

1. people have an obsession with buying, also called 'passion for buying'.

2. People have trouble throwing away their belongings, regardless of value.

20. The fight-flight response is a reaction from the ....

1. Adrenal cortical system

2. Both the adrenal cortical system and the autonomic nervous system

21. Which area in the brain is most associated with anxiety?

1. The basal ganglia

2. The limbic system

22. What are obsessions?

1. Obsessions are thoughts, images or ideas that are persistent and uncontrollable, and that often cause anxiety or stress.

2. Obsessions are repeated actions that a person must carry out.

23. About what fear can be spoken in a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

1. The fear often concerns a specific, large life change.

2. The fear is often focused on many different, small daily events.

Answers

1. B. Depression

1. Possible symptoms are:

• Palpitations

• Sweating

• Vibrating

• Shortness of breath or a feeling of suffocation

• Pain or pressure on the chest

• Nausea or abdominal pain

• Dizziness,

• lightheaded Derealisation or depersonalization

• Fear of losing control or going crazy

• Fear of dying

• Cold chills or hot flushes

• A stinging or burning sensation on the skin

1. C. Drug treatment works in the short term as well as cognitive behavioral therapy, but worse in the long term. When you stop taking the medication, the symptoms often return. Cognitive behavioral therapy is much better in preventing a relapse.

1. A. Behavioral disorder

2. B

3. A

4. A

5. B

6. B

7. B

8. B

9. B

10. B

11. B

12. A

13. B

14. A

15. A

16. B

17. B

18. B

19. A

20. B

Which somatic symptom disturbances and dissociative disorders do exist? - Exam 5

Question 1

What is the difference between somatic symptom disorders and psychosomatic disorders?

1. Both terms describe the same phenomenon

2. People with somatic symptom disorders have a physical illness, which is exacerbated by their psychological state. People with psychosomatic disorders do not have diseases with a physical cause

3. People with psychosomatic disorders have a physical illness, which is exacerbated by their psychological condition. People with somatic symptomdo not have diseases with a physical cause

Question 2

disturbancesWhich of the following disorders is not a somatic symptom disorder?

1. Conversion

2. disorder Illness anxiety disorder

3. Factitious disorderdisorder

4. A dissociative identity

Question 3

If someone loses the feeling for the reality of the external world, there is talk of ..

1. Dissociation

2. Derealisation

Question 4

Marieke has recently experienced a traumatic car accident. As a result, she can suddenly no longer move her right arm. What kind of disorder does Marieke suffer from?

1. Pain Disorder

2. Functional Neurological Disorder

Question 5

Someone deliberately acts as if he or she has a disease to receive medical attention. This person spoke of ...

1. A factitious disorder

2. malingering

Question 6

Which form (s) of amnesia is often caused by a psychological event?

1. Retrograde amnesia

2. Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 7

What disorder is there when someone feels that he or she is disconnected from his or her thoughts and body?

1. A dissociative fugue

2. A depersonalization disorder

Question 8

In which disorder do there exist 100 personalities or fragments of personalities side by side in one body and mind?

1. Depersonalization DisorderDisorder

2. Dissociative Identity

Question 9

In which kind of amnesia is an individual unable to remember important personal information?

1. Organic, retrograde amnesia

2. Dissociative amnesia

Question 10

Consider the following statement: Antidepressants can have a positive effect on the treatment of a dissociative identity disorder. Is this statement true or not true?

1. This statement is true

2. This statement is not true

Question 11

What shows that people with a dissociative identity disorder use dissociation to relax reality?

1. From the fact that they are easy to hypnotize

2. From the fact that they can stay hypnotized for a long time once they are hypnotized.

Question 12

What is derealisation?

1. A relapse in the process of behavioral change. is.

2. The