Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder.Brewin, C.R., & Holmes, E.A. (2003)Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 339-376 Memory and PTSDIn PTSD, there are a number of changes in memory functioning that are comparable with depressed patients: 1) a bias toward enhanced recall of trauma-related material 2) difficulties in retrieving autobiographical memories of specific incidents.Specific changes in memory of PTSD are: 1) a contradictory patterns of recall related to the traumatic material itself. High levels of emotions are in some studies associated with more vivid and long-lasting memories, but in others with vague memories, lacking in detail and error prone. PTSD is described as characterized by both high-frequency, distressing, intrusive memories and by amnesia for the details of the event. 2) the reliving of memories, or flashbacks to the trauma. Flashbacks are dominated by sensory detail. These images and sensations are typically disjointed and fragmentary. Reliving is reflected in a distortion in the sense of time, such that the traumatic event seems to be happening in the present rather than belonging in the past. Reliving episodes are triggered involuntarily by specific reminders that relate in some way to the circumstances of the trauma. Flashbacks are a distinctive feature of PTSD. Individual differences in working memory capacity appear to be related to the ability to prevent unwanted material from intruding and negatively affecting task performance. Attention and PTSD Research does not provide evidence that the effects of an attentional bias are unique to PTSD. Dissociation and PTSD...