Chapter 2: Glands, Gooseflesh, and Hormones The brain sends messages to your body through the nerves that branch from your brain down your spine and out to the periphery of your body.The voluntary nervous system: you decide to move a muscle and it happens – consciousThe autonomic nervous system: The set of nerve projections to places like sweat glands carry messages that are relatively involuntary One half of the autonomic nervous system is activated in response to stress, one half is suppressedSympathetic NS*: kicks into action during emergencies, or what you think are emergencies (fight or flight) – epinephrine and norepinephrine are secretedParasympathetic NS: mediates calm, vegetative activities – promotes growth and energy storage There is another way, besides the sympathetic system, that can mobilize activity in response to a stressor: the secretion of hormonesWhen the sympathetic nerve endings in your heart secrete norepinephrine, which causes the heart muscle to work differently, norepinephrine is playing a neurotransmitter role. If a neuron secrets a messenger that percolates into the bloodstream, that messenger is a hormone. All sorts of glands secrete hormones; the secretion of some of them is turned on during stress, and the secretion of others is turned off. The hypothalamus contains a huge array of releasing and inhibiting hormones which instruct the pituitary, which in turn regulates the secretions of the peripheral glandsThe brain can trigger the release of pituitary hormone X through the action of a single releasing hormoneSometimes it can halt the release of pituitary hormone Y by releasing a single inhibiting hormoneIn some cases, a pituitary hormone is controlled by the coordination of both a releasing and an inhibiting hormone from the brain (dual control) As the master gland, the brain can experience or think of something stressful and activate components of the stress-response hormonally...

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