Human cognitive aging differs between individuals. It can be influenced by several factors (e.g. vascular conditions; chronic stress; experience-dependent cognitive plasticity). Living an intellectually challenging, physically active and socially engaged life may mitigate losses to cognition and consolidate gains. The debilitating effects of old age occur at an increasingly later age. It is possible that the effects of old age reflect limitations in somatic maintenance, resulting in the build up of damage. Factors associated with vascular and metabolic risk (1), inflammation (2), stress (3) and deposition of iron and beta-amyloid (4) accelerate brain aging. However, continued neuroplasticity helps maintain the viability of neural structures and postpone the onset of cognitive decline. Mechanisms related to maturation and the effects of cold age shape the course of cognitive development from conception to old age. In adulthood and old age, brains show increasing marks of aging but accumulate knowledge and continue to express potential for learning. There are experience-based cognitive abilities called crystallized abilities (e.g. vocabulary) and fluid abilities (e.g. reasoning) which are important in acquiring knowledge. The ages at which cognitive skills reach there peak are likely to reflect a balance among competing processes of knowledge accumulation and deterioration of the supporting neural infrastructure. Senescence, the effects of old age, affect the neurochemistry and anatomy of the brain (e.g. neurotransmitters show age-related differences in concentration and receptor density). There is a pronounced decrease in dopaminergic neuromodulation. This plays a crucial role in cognitive functioning. Old age is associated with differences in smaller volumes of grey and white matter. Hippocampal shrinkage tends to increase with age and is exacerbated by vascular factors.White matter hyperintensities (i.e. ischemic lesions; microbleeds;...


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Clinical Developmental & Health Psychology – Full course summary (UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM)

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This bundle contains all the information needed for the for the course "Clinical Developmental & Health Psychology" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains lecture information, information from the relevant books and all the articles. The following is included:

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