In the early 20th century, psychology is dominated by the unscientific methods mesmerism (1), phrenology (2) and spiritualism (3). Psychologists start to explicitly oppose pseudo-science and the scientificity of psychology becomes a theme.Positivism states that science is the way to the truth and, therefore, the objectivity of knowledge must be guaranteed. Eugenics refers to a social philosophy which claims that the fate of a nation can be improved by selective breeding of the inhabitants. Intellectualism refers to obtaining knowledge for the sake of knowledge.Einstein demonstrates that part of Newton’s theory was false. In a reaction to this, Bridgman introduces operationalization in physics. However, there are two objections to the use of operationalization in natural sciences:The same concept can be measured in two different ways (e.g. length).The operations cannot be synonymous to concepts.Behaviourism was influenced by positivism (1), eugenics (2), a mistrust of intellectualism (3) and operationalization (4). It led to comparative psychology, the study of behaviour of animals with the intention to shed light on human functioning within the framework of the evolutionary theory. Behaviourism studies the relationships between stimuli and behaviour.The behaviourist ideals of science are using mathematical laws (1), using operationalization (2), using independent and dependent variables (3) and striving for verification (4).Watson has several important characteristics:Proposes a psychology without mental terms, solely based on stimulus-response sequences (1), reinforcement (2) and punishment (3).Uses the idea of tabula rasa in his proposal for behaviourism.Defines psychology as an objective experimental branch based on prediction and control of behaviour.Designs behaviourism as an absolutist system.Pavlov invents the first learning model using a behaviourist approach and uses classical conditioning on dogs. He believed...

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Historical and Conceptual Issues in Psychology by M. Brysbaert and K. Rastle (second edition) – Book Summary

Historical and Conceptual Issues in Psychology by M. Brysbaert and K. Rastle (second edition) – Book Summary

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This bundle describes a summary of the book "Historical and Conceptual Issues in Psychology by M. Brysbaert and K. Rastle (second edition)". The following chapters are used:

- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13