Developmental psychologyChapter 12Reading and mathematics in developmental psychologyIntroductionCultural tools: any tools that help us to calculate, produce models, make predictions and understand the word more fully. One characteristic of cultural tools is that they can vary from culture to culture.Orthography: a writing system. Orthography is used to describe any aspect of print, or, the spellingAlphabetic script: a writing system in which written symbols (letters) correspond to spoken sounds. Individual phonemes represent the individual letters of an alphabetic script.There are several different alphabetic scrips, and there are radical differences among orthographies that use exactly the same script.Morpheme: a unit of meaning.In some scripts, each character signals a morpheme.Syllabary: the name given to a language that relies heavily on syllables for meaning.Mora: a rhythmic unit in languages like Japanese that can be either a syllable or part of a syllable.Syllable: the smallest unit of a word whose pronunciation forms a rhythmic break when spoken.The difficulty of alphabetic scriptsRepresents speech at the level of phonemes.No language has many phonemes in it and thus one does not need many letters to represent them.The problemPhonemes pose an enormous problem to young children. The is hard at first for children to realize that letters represent phonemes.We have to learn how individual words can be broken down into phonemes and assembled from themPhonemic awareness and learning to readChildren get better with phonemes as they grow older.This has...