Critical thinkingArticle: Schmittmann, V, D., Cramer, A, O, J., W., Waldorp, L, J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R, A., & Dorsboom, D (2011)Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomenaIn psychological measurement, three interpretations of measurement systems have been developed:the reflective interpretationThe measured attribute is conceptualized as the common cause of the observablesFormative interpretationThe measured attribute is seen as the common effect of the observables.Attributes are conceptualized as systems of causally coupled (observable) variables. In reflective models, observed indicators (item or subject scores) are modelled as a function of a common latent (unobserved) and item-specific error variance.Commonly presented as ‘measurement models’.In these models, a latent variable is introduced to account for the covariance between indicators.In reflective models, indicators are regarded as exchangeable save for measurement parameters.The observed correlations between the indicators are spurious in the reflective model.Observed indicators should correlate, but they only do so because they share a cause.In formative models, possibly latent composite variables are modelled as a function of indicators.Without residual variance on the composite, models like principal components analysis and clustering techniques serve to construct an optimal composite out of observed indicators.But, one can turn the composite into a latent composite if one introduces...