Deze bundel bevat aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges van het blok Mechanisms of Disease 1 van de studie Geneeskunde aan de Universiteit Leiden, collegejaar 2020/2021.
This bundle contains notes of all lectures from the module Mechanisms of Disease 1, Medicine, Leiden University, academic year 2020/2021.
There are 7 basic mechanisms of disease:
Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder linked to HLA and autoimmunity. When a narcolepsy-patient is excited, his muscles relax and he passes out.
The human body is challenged by many different types of pathogens, which trigger different immune responses. The body is made of a very firm physical and chemical barrier,
........Read moreThere are 3 barriers that form the body's defense mechanism:
If the barrier is breached, the innate immune response kicks in. It recognizes that a pathogen has invaded the body and tries to innate it. If the innate immune system cannot
........Read morePathology always starts with tissue:
3 techniques can be combined to make a final diagnosis:
A diverse repertoire is necessary because humans are exposed to many different pathogens:
There are several types of lymphocytes:
There are 2 types of MHC
........Read moreB-cells form the basis of humoral immunity by producing antibodies. They are part of the adaptive immune system. They possess antigen specificity and capacity to form memory upon clonal selection. During their final developmental stage, they form plasma cells.
Adaptive immunity is divided into 2 categories:
The SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) virus can bind to the ACE2 receptor molecule. SARS-CoV2 has a spike protein, the S1 domain of this protein can bind to the ACE2 receptor in the respiratory tract and intestines. When the virus arrives, the following happens:
All diseases are results of visible cell abnormalities. There are 4 kinds of cell adaptations:
Hypertrophy is an increase in size of cells, resulting in increase in the size of an organ. This typically occurs in non-dividing cells and can be:
Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program. This can be:
Apoptosis has the following characteristics:
Inflammation is a reaction of a vascularized tissue to a pathogenic insult. It is characterized by the generation of inflammatory mediators and movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into extravascular tissues. It is a combination of:
Inflammation
........Read moreBacteria form an essential part in the development of higher organisms:
If the age of the earth
........Read moreThe complexity of an organism is based on its amount of base pairs:
Viral infections are much more common than bacterial infections. Viruses are a major cause of human disease:
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside
........Read moreParasites and fungi are eukaryotes. They are a mixture of single-cell and multi-cellular species and are more complex than viruses and bacteria.
A fungus is a eukaryotic organism that normally lives in the environment. It is an opportunistic pathogen. It has a more plant-like structure than a parasite.
Fungi are very common in
........Read moreAll invaders can make people ill. They are micro-organisms which interact with a host. Humans are full of micro-organisms, which usually don't do anything.
There are 1014bacteria in the body. Some of these take place and colonize the bowel and mouth, forming protection from other bacteria. Others are only carried and don't cause any harm, or
........Read moreA host has both sterile and non-sterile areas:
The human body has 1014-15 bacteria and 1013 body
........Read moreThere are 6 components of host defense:
There are many causes of an impaired barrier function:
In 80% of cases, the pathologist finds infectious disease patterns while trying to exclude malignancy. In 20% of cases, they get a biopsy intended to prove infectious origin. Pathologists try to think in patterns.
There is a spectrum of inflammatory responses to infection, which consists of 5 forms
........Read moreThe Gram-stain test was developed by Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938). It works as follows:
One microorganism can cause 1, 2, 3 or many more clinical symptoms.
The bacteria vibrio cholerae is a curved gram-negative bacteria that causes cholera. Cholera is an epidemic in many countries, mainly where hygiene is a problem. The bacterium has several characteristics:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is characterized by:
In regions such as southern Africa, 50% of patients with TB have HIV. HIV affects the CD4 cells, which increases the chance of getting TB enormously.
........Read moreThe first antibiotic was saharsan, to cure Syphilis. This was a very toxic drug. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. He came back from a holiday and saw that on the dirty plates he left behind there were certain parts that weren't covered by bacteria. Here, a certain fungus was growing → penicillin. Penicillin was
........Read moreThe main goal of drug treatment is to achieve a drug concentration within the body that is therapeutically relevant and appropriate. Knowledge about pharmacokinetics is relevant to determine the appropriate dose and to maintain drug concentrations within the therapeutic index. The most prescribed antibiotic is amoxycillin.
To describe the route
........Read moreMandatory MOOC lectures:
Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence and determinants of illnesses and their spread in the population. It is about the effects between:
The 3 most important terms in epidemiology are:
There are many ways a source can infect a host, which means there also are many preventive measures:
COVID-19 originates from Wuhan, in the province Hubei in China. Over 11 million people live there.
Important numbers to know are:
There are 3 types of immunopathology:
A common feature is loss of (self)tolerance and lack of control of the immune response resulting in (chronic) inflammation.
Inflammation is a protective response aimed to eliminate cause
........Read moreClassification is the act of forming a distribution into groups, classes, orders and families according to some common relations or attributes. A classification system is used to:
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation (not every patient has this). It is defined by the history of symptoms such as:
These symptoms occur together with variable expiratory airflow limitation and vary over the time and in intensity. Eosinophils are prominently
........Read moreHypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases correlate with each other:
Communication between 2 cells takes place via surface contact. This is made possible by:
Many processes use synapses to communicate. This communication is specific → HLA molecules (MHC molecules) are present on antigen-presenting cells. There are many different HLA-molecules and the T-cell receptors know exactly which molecule it
........Read moreVasculitis is a hypersensitivity reaction. It is a systemic disease. There is an inflamed blood vessel and fibrinoid necrosis caused by white blood cells that have been stimulated by ANCA. Every blood vessel can be damaged and eventually lead to death.
In the 19th century, many descriptions of similar patients appeared. The general name given
........Read moreSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype of a multisystem disease of auto-immune origin. It is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by a broad spectrum of autoantibodies and butterfly rash (erythematosus). The clinical course is extremely variable → there are remissions and relapses.
SLE affects many different organs:
Infection, inflammation and autoimmune diseases can overlap, but this isn’t necessary:
Infection can lead
........Read moreRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a rheumatic autoimmune disease characterized by inflamed joints:
There are several stages of rheumatoid arthritis:
Immunosuppressive drugs are drugs that lower the body’s normal immune response → they interfere with the immune system homeostasis. They are a variety of drugs that prevent the production of antibodies. Commonly, they are used to prevent rejection of the recipient’s body of an organ transplanted from a donor.
Immunosuppression is needed in
........Read moreA transplantation is successful if:
There are 2 types of rejection:
In deze bundel zijn samenvattingen, oefenmaterialen en aantekeningen samengevoegd voor het vak Mechanisms of Disease 1 en Mechanisms of Disease 2 (MOD 1 & 2) voor de opleiding Geneeskunde, jaar 2 aan de Universiteit van Leiden
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