Nature/nurture, genetic material, codes in DNA, mRNA transcript, mutations, polymorphism, SNP, heterozygous/homozygous, epigenetics, diathesis stressmodel, allergies, immunesystem, heritability, genes, There were no topics discussed that are not discussed in the literature. There is a new technique developed with which you can change DNA. We already could change the epigenome in DNA, but now we can change the genome itself. It works as follows: a kind of robot (CRISpr-CAS9) cuts the DNA and with this, we can make a lot of changes in our DNA. For example, to delete a disease. We test this CRISpr-CAS9 in human embryo clones and destroy DNA that would result in a heartdisease. These embryos are being destroyed afterwards, because we don’t know what happens if they grow up. There were no comments made by the lecturer with regard to the exam. Order the following conditions to the largest contribution of genetics: major depressive disorder (MDD), down’s syndrome, schizophrenia, allergy.A. Schizophrenia, down, allergy, MDDB. Schizophrenia, down, MDD, allergyC. Down, schizophrenia, allergy, MDDD. Down, allergy, schizophrenia, MDDThe right answer is: C...

SSRIs, emotions and brain regions, depression and fibromyalgia, ascending and descending pathway, respiratory depression and opiates, tolerance, ketamine. Some researchers think that the side effects (for example hallucinations) of ketamine are the reasons that antidepressants work. But ketamine can only be taken in hospitals and definitely not at home. This is because it is very dangerous and there has to be enough experts around you when you take this. If these researchers are right, we cannot use ketamine anymore, because we now use it to know which effect does work and by that we will develop a new drug. These researchers think that the hallucinogenic effects of ketamine are linked to LSD.Ketamine gives total amnesia in kids, but not by adults. We don’t know yet why this is. There were no recent developments in the field discussed. It’s known that different brain regions are important for processing different emotions. Although, there are different ideas from a variety of researchers, articles and books. For the exam, you have to know only Ettingers (studybook) idea about this. You also have to know that this is not the only and right idea. There were no questions dealt with that can be asked during the exam. ...

In some patients just medication is not very effective and they still have different symptoms. Different biological factors can play a role in such a case, like genes, endocrine system (like hormones), immune system (depression can have a negative influence on the immune system) and neurobiological factors (changes in the brain network). It is necessary to use a multi-dimensional intervention because of the interaction between all the different factors.The exposure from the environment (physical and psychosocial) leads to the interaction between these processes. In the end this interaction influences health and disease. Phenotype can be described as the observable characteristics of someone. Some examples are appearance, blood type, personality traits and behaviour. Nature (or heredity): our phenotype is caused by genetics. So our characteristics are congenital and can be seen as a predisposition.Nurture (or environment): our phenotype is influenced by the environment. The surroundings affect the development of someone.Nurture and nature are both very important and the combination makes them inseparable. The interaction is shown by the example that certain kind of genes not always lead to a certain type of pathology. These genes can be seen as a risk factor that can lead to pathology if some environmental factors cross a...

The text of the summary accurately reflects the essence of the book and gives a good, clear background to the material; however, keep in mind that there are also many flow charts and tables in the book that, if you want to understand the material in detail, are also very useful to consult along with the summary. Chapter 1 of the book serves as the basis for the rest of the book, for example the functioning of the human nervous system is discussed. Make sure you first understand chapter 1, because you do not do that, then chances are that you will not fully understand the other chapters. Chapter 1 is fairly important. The explanation given here about the functioning of neurons is important to understand the effects of the drugs in the later chapters. A tip is to draw the neurons and systems yourself. ionotropic has ion in the name and thus allows the ions to pass through. Metabotropic is the opposite and has no direct influence but helps through a second messenger. The anatomical term of the brain is also useful for learning as areas are often referred to in this way:Rostral (anterior) = nose / noseDorsal = backVentral = belly sideCaudal (posterior) = tailLateral = structure furthest from the medialMedial = structure closest to the medialRemember that this is seen from a four-legged friend! If it is difficult to remember the ways in which medicines can be administered, dissect the word or link it to a familiar concept as:...